Encyclopedia Articles

Butler University is a private liberal arts university in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It was founded by abolitionist and attorney Ovid Butler in 1855. It serves over 4,000 undergraduate and graduate students in 60 degree programs through five colleges: Business, Education, Liberal Arts and Sciences, Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and the Jordan College of Fine Arts.[2] Butler’s tuition, room and board total $41,500 annually, and over two-thirds of students receive some form of need-based aid.[2]
Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Academics
o 2.1 Colleges and Programs
+ 2.1.1 College of Business
+ 2.1.2 College of Education
+ 2.1.3 Jordan College of Fine Arts
# 2.1.3.1 Radio and broadcast television
# 2.1.3.2 Theatre
* 3 Athletics
o 3.1 Hinkle Fieldhouse
o 3.2 Butler Basketball
o 3.3 Football
+ 3.3.1 Hoosier Helmet Trophy
o 3.4 Soccer
o 3.5 Hockey
o 3.6 Cross country
o 3.7 Fight song
* 4 People
o 4.1 Notable alumni
o 4.2 Notable faculty
* 5 Greek organizations
o 5.1 Fraternities
o 5.2 Sororities
o 5.3 Honorary
o 5.4 Professional fraternites
* 6 Points of interest
* 7 References
* 8 External links

History

On November 1, 1855, Butler was opened and was originally known as the North Western Christian University. In 1875, the university moved to a 25-acre (100,000 m2) campus in Irvington. It was there that the school was renamed Butler University “in recognition of Ovid Butler’s inspirational vision, determined leadership, and financial support.” In 1922, Butler purchased Fairview Park, and in 1928, moved its campus to the current Fairview location. The campus consists of buildings covering an area of 290 acres (1.2 km²).[2] The University master plan for 2009-2014 calls for the construction of two new residence halls, a new student union, two new parking garages, a new business building, two classroom buildings, a new mid-sized concert hall and a connection between the new concert hall and Lilly and Clowes Halls, renovations to most buildings including the Butler Bowl, additions to Holcomb Building, Gallahue Science Hall, Atherton Union, Irwin Library and Robertson Hall.
Academics

National guides give Butler high marks for academic quality with an emphasis on the liberal arts and sciences. Butler ranks 2nd in the US News & World Report’s America’s Best Colleges 2010 for Top Midwestern Master’s Universities.[3] The university emphasizes practicality of knowledge. Butler University offers individual attention to its students with its small class size and no teaching assistants. Butler University increased its focus on faculty and student research with the Butler Institute for Research and Scholarship (BIRS), bolstered by a million dollar grant from the Lilly Endowment.[4] The University provides student research opportunities, such as the Butler Summer Institute, a 10 week program where Butler students are granted funding to perform independent research with a faculty member.[5]
Colleges and Programs

Over 55 undergraduate, one first professional and 17 master’s degrees are offered in five academic colleges: Business, Education, Liberal Arts and Sciences, Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and Fine Arts. The faculty senate voted to support the creation of a College of Communication on March 23, 2010. [6] This college will provide many new opportunities for the existing School of Journalism, Department of Media Arts, and Department of Communication Studies.
College of Business

Butler’s four year business program began in 1937 and offers B.S. degrees in accounting, economics, finance, international management, management information systems, and marketing.[7] A unique program in the College–the Butler Business Accelerator–allows students to serve as consultants for central Indiana businesses.[8] The school boasts 609 undergraduates, as well as 16 MBA students.[7] The average class size is 25 students, and no class has more than 50 students.[7]

Butler University College of Business (COB) placed 63rd in the Bloomberg BusinessWeek ranking of the best U.S. undergraduate business programs for 2010. The only Indianapolis business school in the ranking, Butler COB received an “A” grade for teaching quality and tied for 13th in Academic Quality ranking, beating out all other Indiana-ranked schools.[9]
College of Education

Butler assimilated the Teachers College of Indianapolis to form a College of Education in 1930.[10] For the past seven years, the College has experienced a 99 percent (or above) placement rate for its students.[8] Undergraduate majors offered through the College are elementary education, middle childhood, middle/secondary education, health & physical education and exercise science, and music education.[11] The College also offers graduate degrees for those who complete the Experiential Program for Preparing School Principals (EPPSP), the master’s program in school counseling, or the master’s program for effective teaching and leadership[11]
Jordan College of Fine Arts

The Jordan College of Fine Arts offers both graduate and undergraduate programs, including degrees in Arts Administration, Dance, Dance-Performance, Dance-Pedagogy, Theatre, Recording Industry Studies, Multimedia, Electronic Media, Music Composition, Instrumental Performance, Jazz Studies, Lyric Theatre, Music Performance, and Voice Performance.[11]
Radio and broadcast television

From 1950 until 1994 Butler University owned and operated, what was at one point, the most powerful student-run radio station in the United States, WAJC, with an effective radiated power of 48,212 watts and circularly polarised transmitting antennas at 500 feet (150 m). The tower and transmitter building were located adjacent to Hinkle Fieldhouse. WAJC was initially assigned to 91.9 MHz FM in 1947. Objections from the engineers of a local TV station on channel 6, WRTV, based upon the proximity of the channel 6 audio signal (87.75 MHz) to the low end of the FM band, raised concerns about potential FM capture interference from WAJC to channel 6 viewers in the near-northside of Indianapolis, in the immediate vicinity of the WAJC transmitter site. WAJC was moved to 104.5 MHz in 1956 to reduce the possibility of interference. 104.5 would later be allocated to the commercial portion of the US FCC’s bandplan for FM radio, while 92 MHz and below was reserved for educational stations. This meant the 104.5 frequency became very commercially valuable in years to come as the band was filled to capacity. In 1993 Butler sold the station and used part of the seven million dollars earned through the sale to upgrade the Telecommunications major and improve a donated building at 2835 N. Illinois Street, the former WIBC (then 1070 kHz AM) and WNAP (then 93.1 MHz FM) radio studios, to support the program. 104.5 is now home to Cumulus Media’s WJJK, which is licensed to Noblesville.

The school started WTBU, a PBS member stations, on channel 69 in 1988. After competing for years with WFYI for PBS audiences, in 1999 then president Geoffrey Bannister then signed agreement to operate under a joint operating agreement, which eventually saw WFYI absorb control of the station, leaving Butler to run the academics. WTBU was eventually later sold to the religious Daystar Television Network in 2005 and now is WDTI.

In 2001 the new Butler President Bobby Fong opened the Richard M. Fairbanks Center for Communication and Technology building on Butler’s campus, with the sale of Channel 69 coming a few years later and Butler’s television operations moving to leased cable television channels. The Telecommunications Arts program was renamed “Media Arts” in 2004 although the focus stayed on broadcast skills, including audio production. The department has temporarily suspended its campus-cable channel, and has focused its attention on the web. The department now produces several shows including the BU Beat, Random Acts, Music Box, and the new sports show, the Bulldog Blitz.[12] The Bulldog Blitz was picked up by Comcast-On Demand in Indiana in 2008.
Theatre

Butler’s Department of Theatre is known for producing works not commonly seen elsewhere. Focusing on physical and International theatre, Butler has staged experimental interpretations of Samuel Beckett, a complete season of Caryl Churchill works, St. Joan as a montage performance piece and productions incorporating music, dance and media projection in collaboration with the other three departments of the Jordan College of Fine Arts. Each summer a professional artist is invited to present a two-week intensive course on a topic not covered in the usual academic text. This has included work with Italian and Russian directors, an Indian classical dancer, Australian installation artists and a multi-national montage performance group. Butler Theater’s web page is: http://www.butler.edu/theatre.
Athletics
Main article: Butler Bulldogs
Butler University athletics logo

Butler University’s athletic teams, known as the Bulldogs, compete in the NCAA Division I Horizon League and the Pioneer Football League.
Hinkle Fieldhouse

Butler’s basketball arena, Hinkle Fieldhouse, was the largest basketball arena in the US for several decades. It is considered a Hoosier Hysteria icon: from its opening in 1928 until 1971, it was the site of the final rounds of the Indiana state high school basketball tournament and was the site for the championship game in the movie Hoosiers. In 1954, Butler hosted the historic final when Milan High School (enrollment 161) defeated Muncie High School [now Muncie Central] (enrollment over 1,600) to win the state title. The state final depicted in the 1986 movie Hoosiers, loosely based on the Milan Miracle story, was shot in Hinkle Fieldhouse. A renovation of the Butler Bowl (football stadium) is now finished and includes field turf, which allows the Butler Bowl to host football, soccer, and other events.
An interior panorama of Butler University’s Hinkle Fieldhouse, constructed in 1928, during a game between the Bulldogs and the University of Wisconsin Green Bay.
Butler Basketball
Main article: Butler Bulldogs men’s basketball
See also: 2009–10 Butler Bulldogs men’s basketball team

The Butler program has been one of the most successful so-called “mid-major” basketball programs over the last decade, having won at least 20 games and reached postseason play eight of the last ten seasons, including six NCAA Tournament appearances.[13] Butler also holds two national championships in men’s basketball from the pre-tournament era; one from 1924 (earned via the AAU national tournament), and one from 1929 (selected by the Veteran Athletes of Philadelphia).[14]

In the NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Tournament, the Bulldogs’ heartbreaking 69-68 overtime loss to eventual national runner-up Florida in the 2000 NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Tournament as a No. 12 seed has seen regular rotation on TV over the years as an ESPN “Classic.” The next year, Butler defeated Wake Forest, 79-63, in the first round of the 2001 NCAA Tournament as a No. 10 seed. Butler’s exclusion from the 2002 NCAA Tournament as a 25-5 team is considered by many as the biggest NCAA selection “snub” in several years.[15][16] In the 2003 NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Tournament, Butler reached the Sweet Sixteen as a No. 12 seed by defeating #5 Mississippi State and #4 Louisville, becoming that year’s Cinderella.

The 2006-2007 men’s Butler basketball team won the NIT Season Tip-Off, which helped them to be named one of the top 12 underdog sports stories of 2006 by ESPN.[17] For the third time in six years, the Bulldogs won their first ten games. Butler finished the regular season ranked No. 17 in the ESPN/USA Today Coaches Poll[18] and #21 in the AP Poll.[19]

During the 06-07 season, the Wooden Award National Player of the Year finalists in men’s college basketball included Butler junior guard AJ Graves, while the 2006-07 mid-season Jim Phelan National Coach of the Year was awarded to Head Coach Todd Lickliter.[20] Lickliter was the second coach to win the award while coaching at Butler. It was also awarded to former legendary coach Jim Anthony who won the award 3 times in 1968, 1969,and 1972. He remains the only coach in college basketball history to win the award 3 times.

In the 2007 NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Tournament Butler earned a #5 seed, the highest in the school’s history. Its previous highest seed was #10 in 2001. Butler was ranked in the AP Top 25 throughout the 2006-2007 season, reaching as high as #9 (also a school record). In the first round of the Midwest Regional, Butler defeated #12 seed Old Dominion 57-46. In round two, Butler defeated #4 seed Maryland by a score of 62 to 59, earning a trip to the Sweet Sixteen in St. Louis to play #1 seed and eventual national champion Florida. This marked the second time in five years and the third time in the school’s history that Butler reached the Sweet Sixteen.

Butler has the best winning percentage and most wins of all D-I men’s basketball programs in the state of Indiana over the last decade (21.6 wins per year through 2006), while having won the last six meetings with in-state rival Notre Dame and two of the last four against Indiana.[21][22] Butler defeated both Notre Dame and Indiana during the 2006-07 regular season, while also defeating in-state rival Purdue to move to 2-0 against the Boilermakers this decade. Butler has also been the defending champion of the Hoosier Classic men’s basketball tournament since the 2001-02 season,[23][24] and has advanced to postseason play nine of the last eleven years (7 NCAAs, 2 NITs). Butler has been to nine NCAA Tournaments and three NIT’s since 1997.

On March 25, 2010, Butler beat top seed Syracuse in the NCAA Tournament to advance to the Elite 8. On March 27, 2010, Butler beat #2 seed Kansas State to reach its first Final Four in their hometown of Indianapolis.[25]
Football

Butler has also had a rich tradition in football. Over the course of 60 seasons from 1934 to 1994, Bulldog football teams have won 31 conference championships. This includes seven straight Indiana Collegiate Conference titles from 1934 to 1940, league titles in 1946, 1947, 1952, and 1953, and seven straight from 1958 to 1964, all under the late great Tony Hinkle. Following the move from the College Division to NCAA Division II, Butler won 4 straight conference championships from 1972 to 1975, and in 1977, all under the guidance of Bill Sylvester, Sr. The Bulldogs and fellow ICC members added Ashland to form the Heartland Collegiate Conference. Butler went on to win league titles in 1983, 1985, and three straight from 1987 to 1989, under coach Bill Lynch. The Bulldogs also went to the NCAA Division II playoffs in 1983 and 1988. Butler and fellow HCC member schools joined with the Great Lakes Valley Conference to form the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference (now the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference). Butler added back to back league titles in 1991 and 1992 with Ken LaRose at the helm, including a trip to the NCAA Division II playoffs in 1991. The following season, Butler and member school Valparaiso moved up to NCAA Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) to join with Dayton, Drake, Evansville, and San Diego to form the Pioneer Football League. Butler capped its decade of dominance, seven league titles in ten years with three playoff berths, by winning another conference championship in 1994. The Dawgs were led by the great Arnold Mickens who broke numerous NCAA Division I rushing records, including eight straight 200 yard performances during the campaign. In 2009, Butler won it’s 32nd league title by winning the PFL championship under coach Jeff Voris. The Bulldogs set a school record with 11 wins and went to the Gridiron Classic winning over Central Connecticut State 28-23.
Hoosier Helmet Trophy

The Hoosier Helmet was established as the trophy helmet for the rivalry football game played between Butler and Valparaiso University.

The Hoosier Helmet was created prior to the 2006 season to commemorate the football rivalry that has existed since 1921. The helmet trophy was created to further intensify the rivalry between these two teams. A group of Butler players, along with their head coach, Jeff Voris, came up with the idea for the helmet. After Valparaiso head coach Stacey Adams agreed to play for the helmet, the Butler equipment manager put the helmet together.

The white helmet is mounted on a hardwood plaque and features each team’s logo on respective sides of the helmet. A gold plate is added each year to commemorate the winner and score of the contest. Currently, Butler holds a 3-1 series lead when playing for the Hoosier Helmet.

Both Butler and Valparaiso compete in the NCAA FCS (formerly division 1-AA), non-scholarship Pioneer Football League.
Soccer

Butler’s men’s soccer qualified for the NCAA Tournament in 1995, 1997, 1998, 2001 and 2009, reaching the round of 16 in 1995 and 1998. Butler won the Horizon League (formerly MCC) tournament title in 1995, 1997, 1998 and 2001. They also won or shared the regular season title six times, including 1994, 1996, 1998, 2004, 2008 and 2009. The 1998 squad enjoyed national rankings as high as No. 8 in the country.
Hockey

In 2000, the Butler University Hockey Team won the American Collegiate Hockey Association’s Division III National Championship, beating national runner-up Georgia Tech. The tournament was hosted by the US Naval Academy. Butler currently competes in the Midwestern Collegiate Hockey Conference.
Cross country

Some of Butler’s most notable athletic accomplishments have come in Cross Country. Butler has won nine straight Horizon League Championships in Men’s Cross Country and five straight Women’s Championships. The Men’s team has placed as high as 4th in the nation in recent years, earning a team trophy at the NCAA Division I championships in 2004. Both teams have frequently qualified for nationals in recent years, placing individuals as high as 3rd (Mark Tucker, 2003). All-Americans from the Butler Cross Country Team include Julius Mwangi, Justin Young, Fraser Thompson (A Rhodes Scholar), Mark Tucker, Olly Laws, and Andrew Baker. Former coach, Joe Franklin, was named NCAA Division I Coach of the Year for leading the Bulldogs to their 2004 4th place finish.
Fight song

Butler War Song
We’ll sing the Butler war song,
We’ll give a fighting cry;
We’ll fight the Butler battle–
Bulldogs ever do or die.
And in the glow of the victory firelight,
Hist’ry cannot deny
To add a page or two
For Butler’s fighting crew
Beneath the Hoosier sky.

* Audio Version

People
Notable alumni

* Ed Carpenter (IndyCar Series Driver)
* Barry S. Collier (Athletic Director Butler University and former Head Basketball Coach)
* Arthur C. Cope American chemist and originator of the Cope elimination and Cope rearrangement
* George Daugherty (Conductor of major American and International symphony orchestras; Emmy Winner and 5 time Emmy nominee.)
* Scott Drew (Baylor University men’s basketball coach)
* Ensemble 48 (Modern classical music ensemble)
* Sarah Fisher (attended; IndyCar Series Driver)
* Dan Johnson (MLB – Tampa Bay Rays Infielder/ DH)
* Jim Jones (notorious founder of the Peoples Temple)
* David Starr Jordan (PhD, President of Indiana University and first president of Stanford University)
* Todd Lickliter (Former University of Iowa Men’s Basketball Head Coach)
* Peter Lupus (American bodybuilder and actor)
* Robert Marshall (attended; international speed skater)
* Thad Matta (Ohio State Men’s Basketball Head Coach)
* Pat Neshek (MLB – Minnesota Twins Pitcher)
* Harry S. New (U.S. Senator from Indiana and Postmaster General)
* Johann Sebastian Paetsch (musician and cellist)
* Bobby Plump (Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee, and hero of the 1954 Milan High School team whose story provided the basis for the 1986 film Hoosiers.)
* George Ryan (former Illinois Governor)
* Avriel Shull (Notable Mid-Century Modern architect)
* Lawrence Trissel (pharmacist and author of Trissel’s Tables)
* Kurt Vonnegut (attended, honorary degree)
* Marguerite Young (author of poetry, fiction, non-fiction, and criticism)

Notable faculty

* Dan Barden, author of John Wayne: A Novel
* John Beversluis, author of C.S. Lewis and the Search for Rational Religion and Cross Examining Socrates
* Igor Buketoff, conductor and teacher
* Gordon Clark, philosopher and Calvinist theologian
* Jerry Farrell, mathematics professor best-known for designing some famous New York Times crossword puzzles, such as 1996 “Election Day”
* Joe Franklin, 2004 NCAA Division I Cross Country Coach of the Year
* Andrea Gullickson, oboist (wife of Michael Zimmerman, below).
* Paul D. “Tony” Hinkle, developed the orange basketball
* James Mulholland, prolific composer of choral and instrumental music
* Jim Phillippe, former track announcer for Indianapolis Motor Speedway and recipient of Butler Medal of Honor
* Rosanna Ruffo, former dancer with the Mariinski theatre.
* Lauren Smith, actress
* Prem Sharma, mathematician
* Jon Sorenson, mathematician and head of the computer science department
* Michael Zimmerman, evolutionary biologist and founder of The Clergy Letter Project (husband of Andrea Gullickson, above).

Greek organizations
Fraternities

* Alpha Phi Alpha Citywide Charter, although it has members who attend Butler University
* Delta Tau Delta
* Lambda Chi Alpha
* Phi Delta Theta
* Phi Kappa Psi
* Sigma Chi
* Sigma Nu
* Tau Kappa Epsilon

Sororities

* Alpha Kappa Alpha Citywide Charter, although it has members who attend Butler University
* Alpha Chi Omega
* Alpha Phi
* Delta Delta Delta
* Delta Gamma
* Kappa Kappa Gamma
* Kappa Alpha Theta
* Pi Beta Phi
* Sigma Gamma Rho (Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc. was founded November 12, 1922, at Butler University by seven school teachers. The sorority has its beginnings on the Irvington campus of Butler University. A commemorative stained glass window is located just outside the tower room at the south end of Atherton Union, as well as decorative bricks on the right side of Atherton.)

Honorary

* Kappa Kappa Psi, National Honorary Band Fraternity, Alpha Beta Chapter
* Sigma Rho Delta, National Dance Fraternity/Sorority, Alpha Chapter
* Tau Beta Sigma, National Honorary Band Sorority, Epsilon Chapter

Professional fraternites

* Pi Sigma Alpha, Sigma Gamma Chapter
* Phi Delta Chi
* Kappa Psi
* Alpha Kappa Psi
* Psi Chi
* Kappa Delta Pi
* Lambda Pi Eta

Points of interest

* Holcomb Gardens – 20-acre (81,000 m2) gardens containing a statue of Persephone, a pond, and a local canal.
* Clowes Memorial Hall
* Hinkle Fieldhouse
* Irwin Library, designed by Minoru Yamasaki
* Holcomb Observatory and Planetarium – home to the largest telescope in Indiana

References

1. ^ U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2009 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2008 to FY 2009 (NACUBO), retrieved 2010-03-16
2. ^ a b c d e f g h At a Glance – Butler University, retrieved 2010-03-16
3. ^ Master’s Universities (Midwest) Rankings (U.S. News & World Report), retrieved 2010-03-16
4. ^ Institute for Research and Scholarship (Butler University), retrieved 2010-03-16
5. ^ Butler Summer Institute (Butler University – Institute for Research and Scholarship), retrieved 2010-03-16
6. ^ Faculty Endorses College, retrieved 2010-03-28
7. ^ a b c Butler University College of Business Administration (Business Week), retrieved 2010-03-16
8. ^ a b Butler University College Profile (Peterson’s), retrieved 2010-03-16
9. ^ Butler Ranked 63rd in U.S. for Undergraduate Business (Butler University), retrieved 2010-03-24
10. ^ Butler Tarkington (The Polis Center), retrieved 2010-03-16
11. ^ a b c Colleges and Programs (Butler University), retrieved 2010-03-16
12. ^ Bulldog Blitz (YouTube), retrieved 2010-03-16
13. ^ ESPN’s NCAA Basketball Tournament History – Butler Bulldogs (ESPN), retrieved 2010-03-15
14. ^ Butler To Induct Seven Individuals, Two Teams Into Hall of Fame (Butler University – The Official Athletics Site), retrieved 2010-03-15
15. ^ NCAA Selections Shows New System Has Its Flaws (Butler University – The Official Athletics Site), published 2002-03-12
16. ^ ‘Butler Way’ includes sense of urgency (USA Today), retrieved 2010-03-15
17. ^ ‘06 made the downtrodden downright delightful (ESPN), retrieved 2010-03-15
18. ^ 2007 NCAA Men’s Basketball Rankings – Week 17 (Mar. 5) (ESPN), retrieved 2010-03-15
19. ^ 2007 NCAA Men’s Basketball Rankings – Postseason (ESPN), retrieved 2010-03-15
20. ^ Butler’s Todd Lickliter Earns Jim Phelan Mid-Season Honors (Jim Phelan Award), retrieved 2010-03-15
21. ^ 2006-07 Notre Dame Men’s Basketball Media Guide (Notre Dame Athletics), retrieved 2010-03-15
22. ^ 2005-06 Butler Men’s Baksetball Media Guide (Butler University – The Official Athletics Site), retrieved 2010-03-15
23. ^ ‘Dog Days (New York Post), retrieved 2010-03-15
24. ^ 2001-02 Men’s Basketball Schedule and Results (Indiana University Athletics), retrieved 2010-03-15
25. ^ ‘Butler did it, beats KSU 63-56 to make Final Four (Yahoo Sports), retrieved 2010-03-27

External links

* Official website
* Admission website
* Student bloggers and forums
* Official athletics website
* Campus map
* Butler University Libraries website
* Butler University Information Technology
* Butler University Academics
* Institute for Study Abroad, Butler University

[show]
v • d • e
Horizon League

Butler (Bulldogs) • Cleveland State (Vikings) • Detroit (Titans) • Green Bay (Phoenix) • Loyola Chicago (Ramblers) • Milwaukee (Panthers) • UIC (Flames) • Valparaiso (Crusaders) • Wright State (Raiders) • Youngstown State (Penguins)
[show]
v • d • e
Pioneer Football League

Butler (Bulldogs) • Campbell (Fighting Camels) • Davidson (Wildcats) • Dayton (Flyers) • Drake (Bulldogs) • Jacksonville (Dolphins) • Marist (Red Foxes) • Morehead State (Eagles) • San Diego (Toreros) • Valparaiso (Crusaders)
[show]
v • d • e
Colleges and Universities in Metropolitan Indianapolis

Anderson University • The Art Institutes-Indianapolis • Ball State University-Fishers Center • Ball State University-Indianapolis Center • Brown Mackie College-Indianapolis • Butler University • Christian Theological Seminary • Crossroads Bible College • DePauw University • Franklin College • Indiana Bible College • Harrison College • Indiana Institute of Technology-Indianapolis • Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis • Indiana Wesleyan University-Indianapolis • ITT Technical Institute • Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana-Indianapolis • Kaplan College-Indianapolis • Lincoln Technical Institute • Marian College • Martin University • Medtech College • Oakland City University-Indianapolis • University of Indianapolis • University of Phoenix-Indianapolis • Vincennes University • Wabash College • Wilson College
Metro Indianapolis.PNG
[show]
v • d • e
Associated New American Colleges
Arcadia University • Belmont University • Butler University • Drake University • Drury University • Elon University • Hamline University • Hampton University • Ithaca College • North Central College • Pacific Lutheran University • Quinnipiac University • Simmons College • Susquehanna University • The Sage Colleges • University of Evansville • University of Redlands • University of Scranton • Valparaiso University • Wagner College • Westminster College

39°50′22″N 86°10′17″W / 39.83944°N 86.17139°W / 39.83944; -86.17139
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_University”
Categories: Butler University | Educational institutions established in 1855 | Council of Independent Colleges | National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities | North Central Association of Colleges and Schools
Hidden categories: Wikipedia references cleanup from August 2009 | Articles lacking reliable references from August 2009 | Articles with trivia sections from August 2009

Finance is the science of funds management.[1] The general areas of finance are business finance, personal finance, and public finance.[2] Finance includes saving money and often includes lending money. The field of finance deals with the concepts of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated. It also deals with how money is spent and budgeted.

Finance works most basically through individuals and business organizations depositing money in a bank. The bank then lends the money out to other individuals or corporations for consumption or investment, and charges interest on the loans.

Loans have become increasingly packaged for resale, meaning that an investor buys the loan (debt) from a bank or directly from a corporation. Bonds are debt instruments sold to investors for organisations such as companies, governments or charities [3]. The investor can then hold the debt and collect the interest or sell the debt on a secondary market. Banks are the main facilitators of funding through the provision of credit, although private equity, mutual funds, hedge funds, and other organizations have become important as they invest in various forms of debt. Financial assets, known as investments, are financially managed with careful attention to financial risk management to control financial risk. Financial instruments allow many forms of securitized assets to be traded on securities exchanges such as stock exchanges, including debt such as bonds as well as equity in publicly-traded corporations.[dubious – discuss]

Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve System banks in the United States and Bank of England in the United Kingdom, are strong players in public finance, acting as lenders of last resort as well as strong influences on monetary and credit conditions in the economy.[4]
Contents

* 1 The main techniques and sectors of the financial industry
* 2 Personal finance
* 3 Corporate finance
o 3.1 Capital
o 3.2 The desirability of budgeting
+ 3.2.1 Capital budget
+ 3.2.2 Cash budget
o 3.3 Management of current assets
+ 3.3.1 Credit policy
# 3.3.1.1 Advantages of credit trade
# 3.3.1.2 Disadvantages of credit trade
# 3.3.1.3 Forms of credit
# 3.3.1.4 Factors which influence credit conditions
# 3.3.1.5 Credit collection
* 3.3.1.5.1 Overdue accounts
* 3.3.1.5.2 Effective credit control
* 3.3.1.5.3 Sources of information on creditworthiness
* 3.3.1.5.4 Duties of the credit department
+ 3.3.2 Stock
+ 3.3.3 Cash
# 3.3.3.1 Reasons for keeping cash
# 3.3.3.2 Advantages of sufficient cash
o 3.4 Management of fixed assets
+ 3.4.1 Depreciation
+ 3.4.2 Insurance
* 4 Shared Services
* 5 Finance of states
* 6 Financial economics
* 7 Financial mathematics
* 8 Experimental finance
* 9 Behavioral finance
* 10 Intangible Asset Finance
* 11 Related professional qualifications
* 12 See also
* 13 References
* 14 External links

The main techniques and sectors of the financial industry
Main article: Financial services

An entity whose income exceeds their expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial intermediary such as a bank, or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the difference.

A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity. Banks are thus compensators of money flows in space.

A specific example of corporate finance is the sale of stock by a company to institutional investors like investment banks, who may sell it on to private investors, or other financial institutions such as pension funds. The stock give part ownership in that company in proportion to shares owned.

In return for the stock, the company receives cash, which it may use expand its business; (“equity financing”), to reduce its debt[5]. Equity financing mixed with the sale of bonds (or any other debt financing) is called the company’s capital structure.

Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance), as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments and methodologies, with consideration to their institutional setting.

Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management. Without proper financial planning a new enterprise is unlikely to be successful. Managing money (a liquid asset) is essential to ensure a secure future, both for the individual and an organization.
Personal finance
Main article: Personal finance

Questions in personal finance revolve around

* How much money will be needed by an individual (or by a family), and when?
* Where will this money come from, and how?
* How can people protect themselves against unforeseen personal events, as well as those in the external economy?
* How can family assets best be transferred across generations (bequests and inheritance)?
* How does tax policy (tax subsidies or penalties) affect personal financial decisions?
* How does credit affect an individual’s financial standing?
* How can one plan for a secure financial future in an environment of economic instability?

Personal financial decisions may involve paying for education, financing durable goods such as real estate and cars, buying insurance, e.g. health and property insurance, investing and saving for retirement.

Personal financial decisions may also involve paying for a loan, or debt obligations.
Corporate finance
Main article: Corporate finance

Managerial or corporate finance is the task of providing the funds for a corporation’s activities. For small business, this is referred to as SME finance (Small and Medium Enterprises). It generally involves balancing risk and profitability, while attempting to maximize an entity’s wealth and the value of its stock.

Long term funds are provided by ownership equity and long-term credit, often in the form of bonds. The balance between these forms the company’s capital structure. Short-term funding or working capital is mostly provided by banks extending a line of credit.

Another business decision concerning finance is investment, or fund management. An investment is an acquisition of an asset in the hope that it will maintain or increase its value. In investment management – in choosing a portfolio – one has to decide what, how much and when to invest. To do this, a company must:

* Identify relevant objectives and constraints: institution or individual goals, time horizon, risk aversion and tax considerations;
* Identify the appropriate strategy: active v. passive – hedging strategy
* Measure the portfolio performance

Financial management is duplicate with the financial function of the Accounting profession. However, financial accounting is more concerned with the reporting of historical financial information, while the financial decision is directed toward the future of the firm.
Capital
Main article: Financial capital

Capital, in the financial sense, is the money that gives the business the power to buy goods to be used in the production of other goods or the offering of a service.
The desirability of budgeting

Budget is a document which documents the plan of the business. This may include the objective of business, targets set, and results in financial terms, e.g., the target set for sale, resulting cost, growth, required investment to achieve the planned sales, and financing source for the investment. Also budget may be long term or short term. Long term budgets have a time horizon of 5–10 years giving a vision to the company; short term is an annual budget which is drawn to control and operate in that particular year.
Capital budget

This concerns proposed fixed asset requirements and how these expenditures will be financed. Capital budgets are often adjusted annually and should be part of a longer-term Capital Improvements Plan.
Cash budget

Working capital requirements of a business should be monitored at all times to ensure that there are sufficient funds available to meet short-term expenses.

The cash budget is basically a detailed plan that shows all expected sources and uses of cash. The cash budget has the following six main sections:

1. Beginning Cash Balance – contains the last period’s closing cash balance.
2. Cash collections – includes all expected cash receipts (all sources of cash for the period considered, mainly sales)
3. Cash disbursements – lists all planned cash outflows for the period, excluding interest payments on short-term loans, which appear in the financing section. All expenses that do not affect cash flow are excluded from this list (e.g. depreciation, amortization, etc)
4. Cash excess or deficiency – a function of the cash needs and cash available. Cash needs are determined by the total cash disbursements plus the minimum cash balance required by company policy. If total cash available is less than cash needs, a deficiency exists.
5. Financing – discloses the planned borrowings and repayments, including interest.
6. Ending Cash balance – simply reveals the planned ending cash balance.

Management of current assets
Credit policy

Credit gives the consumer the opportunity to buy, purchase or acquire goods and services, and pay for them at a later date. This has its advantages and disadvantages as follows:
Advantages of credit trade

* Usually results in more customers than cash trade.
* Can charge more for goods to cover the risk of bad debt.
* Gain goodwill and loyalty of customers.
* People can buy goods and pay for them at a later date.
* Farmers can buy seeds and implements, and pay for them only after the harvest.
* Stimulates agricultural and industrial production and commerce.
* Can be used as a promotional tool.
* Increase the sales.
* Modest rates to be filled.

Disadvantages of credit trade

* Risk of bad debt.
* High administration expenses.
* People can buy more than they can afford.
* More working capital needed.
* Risk of Bankruptcy.
* May lose peace of mind.

Forms of credit

* Suppliers credit:
* Credit on ordinary open account
* Installment sales
* Bills of exchange
* Credit cards
* Contractor’s credit
* Factoring of debtors
* Cash credit
* Cpf credits
* Exchange of product

Factors which influence credit conditions

* Nature of the business’s activities
* Financial position
* Product durability
* Length of production process
* Competition and competitors’ credit conditions
* Country’s economic position
* Conditions at financial institutions
* Discount for early payment
* Debtor’s type of business and financial position

Credit collection
Overdue accounts

* Attach a notice of overdue account to statement.
* Send a letter asking for settlement of debt.
* Send a second or third letter if first is ineffectual.
* Threaten legal action.

Effective credit control

* Increases sales
* Reduces bad debts
* Increases profits
* Builds customer loyalty
* Builds confidence of financial industry
* Increase company capitalisation
* Increase the customer relationship

Sources of information on creditworthiness

* Business references
* Bank references
* Credit agencies
* Chambers of commerce
* Employers
* Credit application forms

Duties of the credit department

* Legal action
* Taking necessary steps to ensure settlement of account
* Knowing the credit policy and procedures for credit control
* Setting credit limits
* Ensuring that statements of account are sent out
* Ensuring that thorough checks are carried out on credit customers
* Keeping records of all amounts owing
* Ensuring that debts are settled promptly
* Timely reporting to the upper level of management for better management.

Stock

Purpose of stock control

* Ensures that enough stock is on hand to satisfy demand.
* Protects and monitors theft.
* Safeguards against having to stockpile.
* Allows for control over selling and cost price.

Stockpiling

Main article: Cornering the market

This refers to the purchase of stock at the right time, at the right price and in the right quantities.

There are several advantages to the stockpiling, the following are some of the examples:

* Losses due to price fluctuations and stock loss kept to a minimum
* Ensures that goods reach customers timeously; better service
* Saves space and storage cost
* Investment of working capital kept to minimum
* No loss in production due to delays

There are several disadvantages to the stockpiling, the following are some of the examples:

* Obsolescence
* Danger of fire and theft
* Initial working capital investment is very large
* Losses due to price fluctuation

Rate of stock turnover

This refers to the number of times per year that the average level of stock is sold. It may be worked out by dividing the cost price of goods sold by the cost price of the average stock level.

Determining optimum stock levels

* Maximum stock level refers to the maximum stock level that may be maintained to ensure cost effectiveness.
* Minimum stock level refers to the point below which the stock level may not go.
* Standard order refers to the amount of stock generally ordered.
* Order level refers to the stock level which calls for an order to be made.

Cash
Reasons for keeping cash

* Cash is usually referred to as the “king” in finance, as it is the most liquid asset.
* The transaction motive refers to the money kept available to pay expenses.
* The precautionary motive refers to the money kept aside for unforeseen expenses.
* The speculative motive refers to the money kept aside to take advantage of suddenly arising opportunities.

Advantages of sufficient cash

* Current liabilities may be catered for meeting the current obligations of the company
* Cash discounts are given for cash payments.
* Production is kept moving
* Surplus cash may be invested on a short-term basis.
* The business is able to pay its accounts in a timely manner, allowing for easily-obtained credit.
* Liquidity

Management of fixed assets
Depreciation

Depreciation is the allocation of the cost of an asset over its useful life as determined at the time of purchase. It is calculated yearly to enforce the matching principle.
Insurance
Main article: Insurance

Insurance is the undertaking of one party to indemnify another, in exchange for a premium, against a certain eventuality.

Uninsured risks

* Bad debt
* Changes in fashion
* Time lapses between ordering and delivery
* New machinery or technology
* Different prices at different places

Requirements of an insurance contract

* Insurable interest
o The insured must derive a real financial gain from that which he is insuring, or stand to lose if it is destroyed or lost.
o The item must belong to the insured.
o One person may take out insurance on the life of another if the second party owes the first money.
o Must be some person or item which can, legally, be insured.
o The insured must have a legal claim to that which he is insuring.
* Good faith
o Uberrimae fidei refers to absolute honesty and must characterise the dealings of both the insurer and the insured.

Shared Services

There is currently a move towards converging and consolidating Finance provisions into shared services within an organization. Rather than an organization having a number of separate Finance departments performing the same tasks from different locations a more centralized version can be created.
Finance of states
Main article: Public finance

Country, state, county, city or municipality finance is called public finance. It is concerned with

* Identification of required expenditure of a public sector entity
* Source(s) of that entity’s revenue
* The budgeting process
* Debt issuance (municipal bonds) for public works projects

Financial economics
Main article: Financial economics

Financial economics is the branch of economics studying the interrelation of financial variables, such as prices, interest rates and shares, as opposed to those concerning the real economy. Financial economics concentrates on influences of real economic variables on financial ones, in contrast to pure finance.

It studies:

* Valuation – Determination of the fair value of an asset
o How risky is the asset? (identification of the asset-appropriate discount rate)
o What cash flows will it produce? (discounting of relevant cash flows)
o How does the market price compare to similar assets? (relative valuation)
o Are the cash flows dependent on some other asset or event? (derivatives, contingent claim valuation)

* Financial markets and instruments
o Commodities – topics
o Stocks – topics
o Bonds – topics
o Money market instruments- topics
o Derivatives – topics

* Financial institutions and regulation

Financial Econometrics is the branch of Financial Economics that uses econometric techniques to parameterise the relationships.
Financial mathematics
Main article: Financial mathematics

Financial mathematics is a main branch of applied mathematics concerned with the financial markets. Financial mathematics is the study of financial data with the tools of mathematics, mainly statistics. Such data can be movements of securities—stocks and bonds etc.—and their relations. Another large subfield is insurance mathematics. This is also known as quantitative finance, practitioners as Quantitative Analysts.
Experimental finance
Main article: Experimental finance

Experimental finance aims to establish different market settings and environments to observe experimentally and provide a lens through which science can analyze agents’ behavior and the resulting characteristics of trading flows, information diffusion and aggregation, price setting mechanisms, and returns processes. Researchers in experimental finance can study to what extent existing financial economics theory makes valid predictions, and attempt to discover new principles on which such theory can be extended. Research may proceed by conducting trading simulations or by establishing and studying the behaviour of people in artificial competitive market-like settings.
Behavioral finance
Main article: Behavioral finance

Behavioral Finance studies how the psychology of investors or managers affects financial decisions and markets. Behavioral finance has grown over the last few decades to become central to finance.

Behavioral finance includes such topics as:

1. Empirical studies that demonstrate significant deviations from classical theories.
2. Models of how psychology affects trading and prices
3. Forecasting based on these methods.
4. Studies of experimental asset markets and use of models to forecast experiments.

A strand of behavioral finance has been dubbed Quantitative Behavioral Finance, which uses mathematical and statistical methodology to understand behavioral biases in conjunction with valuation. Some of this endeavor has been led by Gunduz Caginalp (Professor of Mathematics and Editor of Journal of Behavioral Finance during 2001-2004) and collaborators including Vernon Smith (2002 Nobel Laureate in Economics), David Porter, Don Balenovich, Vladimira Ilieva, Ahmet Duran). Studies by Jeff Madura, Ray Sturm and others have demonstrated significant behavioral effects in stocks and exchange traded funds. Among other topics, quantitative behavioral finance studies behavioral effects together with the non-classical assumption of the finiteness of assets.
Intangible Asset Finance
Main article: Intangible asset finance

Intangible asset finance is the area of finance that deals with intangible assets such as patents, trademarks, goodwill, reputation, etc.
Related professional qualifications

There are several related professional qualifications in finance, that can lead to the field:

* Accountancy:
o Qualified accountant: Chartered Accountant (ACA – UK certification / CA – certification in Commonwealth countries), Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA, UK certification), Certified Public Accountant (CPA, US certification)
o Non-statutory qualifications: Chartered Cost Accountant CCA Designation from AAFM
* Business qualifications: Master of Business Administration (MBA), Bachelor of Business Management (BBM), Master of Commerce (M.Comm), Master of Science in Management (MSM), Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
* Generalist Finance qualifications:
o Degrees: Masters degree in Finance (MSF), Master of Financial Economics, Master Financial Manager (MFM), Master of Financial Administration (MFA)
o Certifications: Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA), Certified International Investment Analyst (CIIA), Association of Corporate Treasurers (ACT), Certified Market Analyst (CMA/FAD) Dual Designation, Corporate Finance Qualification (CF)
* Quantitative Finance qualifications: Master of Science in Financial Engineering (MSFE), Master of Quantitative Finance (MQF), Master of Computational Finance (MCF), Master of Financial Mathematics (MFM), Certificate in Quantitative Finance (CQF).

See also
Main article: Outline of finance
Wikipedia Books Book:Finance
Books are collections of articles which can be downloaded or ordered in print.

* Financial crisis of 2007–2010
* Local Government Finance in Kerala

References

1. ^ Gove, P. et al. 1961. Finance. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Company.
2. ^ finance. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 23, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/207147/finance
3. ^ http://www.charitytimes.com/pages/ct_news/news%20archive/July_06_news/030706_wellcome_trust_charity_bond.htm
4. ^ Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System of the United States. Mission of the Federal Reserve System. URL:http://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/mission.htm. Accessed: 2010-01-16. (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5mpS52OAl)
5. ^ http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article5602963.ece

External links
Search Wiktionary Look up finance in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Search Wikiversity Wikiversity has learning materials about Finance

* OECD work on financial markets
* Wharton Finance Knowledge Project – aimed to offer free access to finance knowledge for students, teachers, and self-learners.
* Professor Aswath Damodaran (New York University Stern School of Business) – provides resources covering three areas in finance: corporate finance, valuation and investment management and syndicate finance.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance”
Categories: Finance
Hidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from June 2007 | Articles needing cleanup from January 2008 | Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from February 2008 | All accuracy disputes | Articles with disputed statements from June 2009

Michigan State University (MSU) is a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan USA. Founded in 1855, it was the pioneer land-grant institution and served as a model for future land-grant colleges in the United States under the 1862 Morrill Act. Its alumni include at least six winners of the Pulitzer Prize. MSU’s record of Rhodes Scholars has led the Big Ten since the 1970s. MSU pioneered the studies of packaging, hospitality business, telecommunication, and music therapy. Today its study-abroad program is the largest of any single-campus university in the country, offering more than 200 programs in more than 60 countries on all continents including Antarctica. It is considered to be one of America’s Public Ivy universities, which recognizes top public research universities in the United States.[5]

Following the introduction of the Morrill Act, the college became coeducational and expanded its curriculum beyond agriculture. After World War II, the number of students tripled as the institution became a major university. Today, MSU is the eighth-largest university in the United States, with 46,648 students and 2,954 faculty members.

MSU’s Division I sports teams are called the Spartans. They compete in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except ice hockey, in which the team is part of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. MSU’s football team won the Rose Bowl in 1954, 1956, and 1988 and boasts six national championships.[6] Its men’s basketball team won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000 while currently enjoying a streak of five Final Four appearances in the last past 11 seasons. MSU men’s ice hockey has won national titles in 1966, 1986, and 2007.
Contents

* 1 History
o 1.1 Agriculture school
o 1.2 Land Grant pioneer
o 1.3 Co-ed college
o 1.4 Big Ten university
o 1.5 Global leader by 2012
* 2 Campus
o 2.1 North campus
o 2.2 South campus
* 3 Academics
o 3.1 Rankings
o 3.2 Research
o 3.3 Endowment
* 4 Colleges
o 4.1 Residential colleges
o 4.2 Professional schools
o 4.3 Medical schools
o 4.4 Other academic units
* 5 Athletics
o 5.1 Football
o 5.2 Men’s basketball
o 5.3 Men’s ice hockey
* 6 Student life
o 6.1 Greek life
o 6.2 Student organizations
o 6.3 Activism
o 6.4 Sustainability
o 6.5 Media
* 7 People
o 7.1 19th century
o 7.2 20th and 21st centuries
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

History
Main article: History of Michigan State University
Agriculture school
Beaumont Tower marks the site of College Hall.

The Michigan Constitution of 1850 called for the creation of an “agricultural school”,[7] though it was not until February 12, 1855 that Michigan Governor Kinsley S. Bingham signed a bill establishing the United States’ first agriculture college, the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan.[8] Classes began on May 13, 1857 with three buildings, five faculty members, and 63 male students. The first president, Joseph R. Williams, designed a curriculum that required more scientific study than practically any undergraduate institution of the era. It balanced science, liberal arts, and practical training. The curriculum excluded Latin and Greek studies, since most applicants did not study any classical languages in their rural high schools. However, it did require three hours of daily manual labor, which kept costs down for both the students and the College.[9] Despite Williams’ innovations and his defense of education for the masses, the State Board of Education saw Williams’ curriculum as elitist. They forced him to resign in 1859 and reduced the curriculum to a two-year vocational program.
Land Grant pioneer

In 1860, Joseph R. Williams became acting lieutenant governor[10] and helped pass the Reorganization Act of 1861. This gave the College a four-year curriculum and the power to grant master’s degrees. Under the act, a newly created body, known as the State Board of Agriculture, took over from the State Board of Education in running the institution.[8] The College changed its name to State Agricultural College, and its first class graduated in the same year. However, there was no time for an elaborate graduation ceremony: the Civil War had just begun, and the first alumni enlisted to the Union Army. The following year, Abraham Lincoln signed the First Morrill Act of 1862 to support similar colleges, making the Michigan school a national model. Williams never witnessed the cause to which he had dedicated so much of his life, having taken ill and died the previous year.
Co-ed college
The Alice B Cowles House is the official home of the university president and is the oldest existing building on campus.

The college first admitted women in 1870, although at that time there were no female residence halls. The few women who enrolled either boarded with faculty families or made the arduous stagecoach trek from Lansing. Nonetheless, even from the early days female students took the same rigorous scientific agriculture courses as male students. In 1896, the faculty created a “Women Course” that melded a home economics curriculum with liberal arts and sciences. That same year, the College turned the old Abbot Hall male dorm into a women’s dormitory and more firmly established itself as co-ed. However, it was not until 1899 that the State Agricultural College admitted its first African American student, William O. Thompson. He went on to teach at what is now Tuskegee University under the wing of Booker T. Washington, whom President Jonathan L. Snyder invited to be the Class of 1900 commencement speaker. A few years later, Myrtle Craig became the first female African American student to enroll at the College. Along with the Class of 1907, she received her degree from U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, commencement speaker for the Semi-Centennial celebration. The City of East Lansing was incorporated in that same year,[11] and two years later the college officially changed its name to Michigan Agricultural College (M.A.C.).
Big Ten university

During the early 20th century, M.A.C. expanded its curriculum well beyond agriculture. By 1925, it had expanded enough that it changed its name to Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science (M.S.C.). In 1941, the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, John A. Hannah, became president of the College. He began the largest expansion in the institution’s history, with the help of the 1945 G.I. Bill, which helped World War II veterans to receive an education. One of Hannah’s strategies was to build a new dormitory building, enroll enough students to fill it, and use the income to start construction on a new dormitory. Under his plan, enrollment increased from 15,000 in 1950 to 38,000 in 1965.[12] In 1957 Hannah continued M.S.U.’s expansion by co-founding Michigan State University–Oakland, now Oakland University, with Matilda Dodge Wilson. Hannah also got the chance to improve the athletic reputation of M.S.C. when the University of Chicago resigned from the Big Ten Conference in 1946. Hannah lobbied hard to take its place, gaining admission in 1950. Five years later, in its Centennial year of 1955, the State of Michigan renamed the College as Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science.[13] Nine years after that, the University governing body changed its name from the State Board of Agriculture to the MSU Board of Trustees. The State of Michigan[14] allowed the University to drop the words “Agriculture and Applied Science” from its name. Since 1964, the institution has gone by the name of Michigan State University.
Global leader by 2012
The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory features one of the most powerful instruments of its type in the world.[15]

Since the end of the Hannah era, Michigan State has shifted its focus from increasing the size of its student body to advancing its national and global reputation. In September 2005, current president Lou Anna Simon called for MSU, one of the public ivy institutions, to become the global model leader for Land Grant institutions by the year 2012. Her plans include creating a new residential college and increasing grants awarded from the National Institutes of Health past the $100 million mark. While there are over 100 Land-grant universities in the United States, she has stated that she would like Michigan State University to be the leader.[16]

Michigan State recently joined the University of Michigan and Wayne State University to create the University Research Corridor. This effort was undertaken to highlight the capabilities of the state’s three leading research institutions and drive further collaboration.
Campus
Main article: Campus of Michigan State University
MSU’s main campus lies north of the CN Railway and south of Michigan and Grand River Avenues.

MSU’s sprawling campus is located in East Lansing. The campus is perched on the banks of the Red Cedar River. Development of the campus started in 1856 with three buildings: a multipurpose building called College Hall, a dormitory later called “Saints’ Rest”,[17] and a barn. Today, MSU’s contiguous campus consists of 5,200 acres (21 km2), 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of which are developed. There are 556 buildings: 100 for academics, 131 for agriculture, 166 for housing and food service, and 42 for athletics. Overall, the university has 22,763,025 square feet (2,114,754.2 m2) of total indoor space.[18]Connecting it all is 26 miles (42 km) of roads and 100 miles (160 km) of sidewalks.[19] MSU also owns 44 non-campus properties, totaling 22,000 acres (89 km2) in 28 different counties.[20]
Morrill Hall is amongst the oldest structures still standing on campus.
North campus

The oldest part of campus lies on the north bank of the Red Cedar. It includes Collegiate Gothic architecture, plentiful trees, and curving roads with few straight lines. It was in this area that the College built its first three buildings, of which none survive. Other historic buildings north of the river include Cowles House, the president’s official residence, and Beaumont Tower, a carillon clock tower marking the site of College Hall, the original classroom building. To the east lies Eustace-Cole Hall, America’s first freestanding laboratory for horticulture.[21] Other landmarks include the bronze statue of former president John A. Hannah,[22] the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden, and the painted boulder known as “The Rock”, which is a popular spot for theatre, tailgating, and candlelight vigils. On the northwest corner of campus lies the University’s hotel, the Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center. The university also has a museum, initiated in 1857. MSU Museum is one of the oldest museums in the Midwest and is accredited by the American Association of Museums.[23]
South campus
The Wharton Center for Performing Arts hosts many productions throughout the year and was host to the final US Presidential Debate before the 1992 election.

The campus south of the river consists mostly of post-World War II International Style buildings with sparse foliage, relatively straight roadways, and numerous parking lots. The “2020 Vision” Master Plan proposes replacing these parking lots with parking ramps and green space,[24] but these plans will take many years to reach fruition. As part of the master plan, the University erected a new bronze statue of “The Spartan” in 2005. This replica replaced the original modernist terra cotta statue,[25] which can still be seen inside Spartan Stadium. Notable academic and research buildings on the South Campus include the Cyclotron and the College of Law. This part of campus is home to the MSU Horticulture Gardens and the adjoining 4-H Children’s Garden. South of the gardens lie the Canadian National and CSX railroads, which divide the main campus from thousands of acres of university-owned farmland. The university’s agricultural facilities include the Horse, Dairy Cattle, Beef Cattle, Sheep, and Poultry Teaching and Research Farms, as well as the Air Quality Control Lab and the Diagnostics Center for Population and Animal Health.
Academics
Main article: Michigan State University academics
See also: Michigan State University Libraries
The MSU Library is located on the oldest part of campus between Beaumont Tower and the river.

MSU has the eighth largest student body in the U.S. For the fiscal year of 2007-08, the Office of the Registrar enumerated a total of 51,778 annual non-duplicate enrollments where 10,540 degrees were conferred.[26] The student body is 55% female and 45% male. While 89% of students come from all 83 counties in the State of Michigan,[27] also represented are all 50 states in the U.S. and about 125 other countries.[2] MSU has about 4,500 faculty and 6,000 staff members, and a student/faculty ratio of 19:1.[28] Listed as a Public Ivy,[29] Michigan State is a member of the Association of American Universities. Michigan State University Ombudsman is the longest continually operating ombudsman office at a college or university in the country.[30] Albert Fert, an Adjunct professor at MSU, was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Peter Grünberg.[31] MSU’s study abroad program is the largest of any single-campus university in the United States with 2,461 students studying abroad in 2004–2005 in over 60 countries on all continents, including Antarctica.[32]

Its admissions are moderately difficult; for 2006’s entering class, the 25th/75th percentiles for the SAT were 1040 and 1270/1600, and its 25th/75th percentiles on the ACT were 22 and 27/36.
Rankings

University rankings (overall)
ARWU World[33] 86
ARWU North & Latin America[34] 48
Forbes[35] 327
USNWR National University[36] 71
WM National University[37] 34

Michigan State ranks 80th in the world, according to a Shanghai Jiao Tong University study, which measures scientific research leading towards a Nobel Prize.[38] U.S. News & World Report ranks MSU 71st in the U.S.[39] The university has over 200 academic programs. U.S. News has ranked MSU’s graduate-level elementary education”,[40] secondary education,[41] and Industrial and Organizational Psychology[42] programs number one for the last fourteen years. In addition, the 2008 U.S. News ranks Michigan State’s Supply Chain Management program in the Eli Broad College of Business number one in the nation for the second year in a row.[43] MSU’s graduate program in nuclear physics is ranked No. 2 in the nation, behind only the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In primary medical care, U.S. News ranks MSU’s College of Osteopathic Medicine at number five, College of Veterinary Medicine at number nine, and the College of Human Medicine at eighteen.[44] Other programs of note include criminal justice,[45] music therapy,[46] hospitality business,[47] packaging,[48] political science,[49] dietetics[50] and communications.[51] The Sustainable Endowments Institute awarded Michigan State with an overall grade of “B” on the 2009 Campus Sustainability Survey, including “A”s in the categories of Administration, Transportation, Endowment Transparency, and Investment Policies.[52]
Research
The Computer Center once housed the early research computer MISTIC

The university spent nearly $377 million in 2006–07 on research,[2] capping a long history of academic research. In 1877, botany professor William J. Beal performed the first documented genetic crosses to produce hybrid corn, which led to increased yields. MSU dairy professor G. Malcolm Trout invented the process for the homogenization of milk in the 1930s. In the 1960s, MSU scientists developed cisplatin, a leading cancer fighting drug. Today Michigan State continues its research with facilities such as the U.S. Department of Energy-sponsored MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory and a particle accelerator called the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science named Michigan State University as the site for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB). The $550 million facility will attract top researchers from around the world to conduct experiments in basic nuclear science, astrophysics, and applications of isotopes to other fields.
The Veterinary Research Farm.

In 2004, scientists at the Cyclotron produced and observed a new isotope of the element germanium, called Ge-O[53] In that same year, Michigan State, in consortium with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the government of Brazil, broke ground on the 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope (SOAR) in the Andes Mountains of Chile. The consortium telescope will allow the Physics & Astronomy department to study galaxy formation and origins.[54] Since 1999, MSU has been part of another consortium called the Michigan Life Sciences Corridor, which aims to develop biotechnology research in the State of Michigan.[55] Finally, the College of Communication Arts and Sciences’ Quello Center researches current issues of information and communication management.
Endowment

MSU’s (private, non-Morrill Act) endowment started in 1916 when the Engineering Building burned down. Automobile magnate R.E. Olds helped the program stay afloat with a gift of $100,000.[56] There was a time when MSU lagged behind peer institutions in terms of endowments. As recently as the early 1990s, MSU was last among the eleven Big Ten schools, with barely over $100 million in endowment funds. That changed dramatically in the early 2000s, when the University started a campaign to increase the size of the endowment. At the close of fiscal year 2004–2005, the endowment had risen to $1.325 billion, raising the University to sixth of the 11 Big Ten schools in terms of endowment; within $2 million of the fifth-rated school.[57] The rapid increase in the size of the endowment will help to improve outdated facilities, such as the Music Building, which the College of Music hopes to soon replace with money from its alumni fundraising program.[58]
Colleges
The South Campus skyline

MSU has over 200 academic programs offered by 17 degree granting colleges.[2]
Residential colleges

MSU has several residential colleges, based on the Oxbridge “living-learning” model. By putting classes in student dormitories, these colleges improve student access to faculty and facilities. MSU’s first residential college, Justin Morrill College started in 1965 with an interdisciplinary curriculum.[59] MSU closed Morrill College in 1979, but today the university has three residential colleges, including the recent opening of the Residential College in Arts & Humanities (RCAH) located in Snyder and Phillips halls.

Established in 1967, James Madison College is a smaller component residential college in political science housed in Case Hall. Classes in the college are small, with an average of 25 students, and most instructors are tenure track faculty. James Madison College has about 1150 students total, with each freshman class containing about 320 students.[60] Each of Madison’s four majors—Social Relations and Policy, International Relations, Political Theory and Constitutional Democracy, and Comparative Cultures and Politics[61]—requires two years of foreign language and one semester of “field experience” in an internship or study abroad program. Although Madison students make up about 4% of MSU graduates, they represent around 35% of the MSU’s Phi Beta Kappa members.[62]
Snyder-Phillips Hall was built in 1947. The building was recently expanded to make room for a new residential college.

Also established in 1967, Lyman Briggs College teaches math and science within social, historical and philosophical contexts.[63] Many Lyman Briggs students intend to pursue careers in medicine, but the school supports over 30 coordinate majors, from human biology to computer sciences.[64] Lyman Briggs is one of the few colleges that lets undergraduates teach as “Learning Assistants.”[65]

MSU’s newest residential college is the Residential College in Arts & Humanities. Founded October 21, 2005,[66] the college provides around 600 undergraduates with an individualized curriculum in the liberal, visual and performing arts. Though all the students will graduate with the same degree, MSU encourages students in the college to get a second degree or specialization.[67] The university houses the new college in a newly renovated Snyder-Phillips Hall, the location of MSU’s first residential college, Justin Morrill College.[68]
The MSU Law School Building
Professional schools

The Michigan State University College of Law is a private law school within a public institution. Founded in Detroit in 1891 as the Detroit College of Law, the law school moved to East Lansing in 1995 becoming an integral part of the university. Students attending MSU College of Law come from 42 states and 13 countries. The law school publishes the Michigan State Law Review,[69] the Michigan State Journal of International Law and the Journal of Medicine and Law. The College of Law is the home of the Geoffrey Fieger Trial Practice Institute,[70] the first trial practice institute in the United States. The Intellectual Property and Communications Law program is ranked seventeenth nationally.[71]

The Eli Broad College of Business has programs in accounting, information systems, finance, management, marketing and supply chain management, and hospitality business. The school has 4,775 undergraduate students and 776 graduate students. The Eli Broad Graduate School of Management, which Business Week magazine ranks 11th among public institutions, offers three MBA programs, as well as joint degrees with the College of Law.[72] The opening of the Eugene C. Eppley Center for Graduate Studies in Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Management brought the first program in the United States to offer a Master of Business Administration degree in Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Management to MSU.[73]

The Michigan State University College of Nursing grants B.S.N., M.S.N., and Ph.D. degrees.
Medical schools

The MSU College of Osteopathic Medicine was the world’s first publicly funded college of osteopathic medicine.[74] It has a long-standing tradition of retaining its alumni in Michigan to practice – more than two-thirds of the college’s graduates remain to practice in Michigan.[75] Recently, the Michigan State University Board of Trustees approved a resolution endorsing the expansion of the College of Osteopathic Medicine to two sites in southeast Michigan, a move board members and college officials say will not only improve medical education in the state, but also address a projected physician shortage.[76] According to U.S. News & World Report, the College of Osteopathic Medicine (DO degree) has regularly ranked among the top ten medical schools in the country for primary care and the College of Human Medicine (MD degree) has regularly ranked among the top fifty medical schools in the country for primary care.[77]

The College of Human Medicine graduates students with medical doctor MD degrees and is split into seven distinct campuses located in Lansing, Kalamazoo, Flint, Saginaw, Marquette, Traverse City, and Grand Rapids. Each campus is affiliated with local hospitals and other medical facilities professionals in the area.[78] For example, the Lansing campus includes Sparrow Hospital and Ingham Regional Medical Center.[79] The College of Human Medicine has recently gained attention for its expansion into the Grand Rapids area, where a new campus is being built that is expected to fuel the growing medical industry in that region.[80]

Though Michigan State has offered courses in veterinary science since its founding, the College of Veterinary Medicine was not formally established as a four-year, degree-granting program until 1910.[81] Ranked ninth in the nation,[44] the college has over 170,000 square feet (16,000 m2) of office, teaching, and research space, as well as a veterinary teaching hospital.[82]
Other academic units

In recent years, MSU’s music program has grown substantially. Music major enrollment increased more than 97% between 1991 and 2004.[83] In early 2007, this growth led the university board of trustees to spin the music program off into its own college unit: The MSU College of Music.[84] The new college faces many new challenges, such as working with limited space[85] and funding.[86] Nevertheless, MSU’s music college plans on continued success, placing an annual average of 25 graduate students in tenure stream university positions.[83]

MSU’s College of Education at Michigan State University offers graduate and undergraduate degrees in several fields, including counseling, educational psychology, special education, teacher education and kinesiology.[87] The college has had high-ranked programs in elementary,[40] educational technology, educational policy, and secondary education.[41][88] In addition, Michigan State ties the University of Wisconsin–Madison for the top spot in rehabilitation counseling.[89]

Founded in 1956, the MSU Honors College provides individualized curricula to MSU’s top undergraduate students. Though the college has no majors of its own, it has its own dean and academic advisers to help Honors students with their educational pursuits. High school students starting at MSU may join the Honors College if they are in the top 5% of their high school graduating class and have either an ACT score of at least 30 or an SAT total score of at least 1360.[90] Once admitted, students must maintain a 3.20 GPA and complete eight approved honors courses in order to graduate with Honors College designation on their degree.[91]

After three years of planning, The College of Engineering successfully launched the first stages of its Residential Experience for Spartan Engineering, formally known as the Residential Option for Scientists and Engineers (ROSES), the new program is located in Wilson Hall after being housed in Bailey Hall for a number of years. The Residential program essentially combines with a brand new academic component, Cornerstone Engineering, where freshman engineering students not only get an overview of the engineering field(s) but get a hands-on experience along with it.[92] Global Engineering is a new subject that is of certain interest for not only the Cornerstone Engineering and Residential Experience programs but for the entire College of Engineering at MSU. Engineering in today’s society has shown to have a monumental impact on the global economy due to advancements in education, interdependence on economics with infrastructure, computers, transportation, technology and other manufactured goods as well as Michigan State University’s study-abroad program being ranked #1 in the nation, allowing for students to experience education and learn cultures in hundreds of countries.[93] The newly established Cornerstone Engineering and Residential Experience programs for College of Engineering have started programs abroad for more courses in engineering including Study abroad seminars.[94]

MSU currently offers a 30 credit graduate program for Masters in Educational Technology[95] in 3 different formats; completely online,[96] hybrid[97] in East Lansing, Michigan, or overseas. MSU.edu The overseas program is offered at universities around the world. Past locations have included England, France, Switzerland and Thailand. The program lasts one month a summer for three summers, with each summer covering 9 credit hours. One online class is required between the second and third summer. The classes are focused on preparing teachers in integrating technology into their classrooms and helping them understand the affordances and constraints of using different programs. The courses are taught by MSU professors and are open to students around the world.
Athletics
Main articles: Michigan State Spartans and List of Michigan State Spartans championships

Michigan State’s NCAA Division I-A program offers 12 varsity sports for men and 13 for women.[2] Since their teams are called the Spartans, MSU’s mascot is a Spartan warrior named Sparty. The university participates in the Big Ten Conference in all varsity sports except ice hockey, which competes in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. The current athletic director is Mark Hollis, who was promoted to the position on January 1, 2008.[98] Hollis replaced Ron Mason, who served as head hockey coach from 1979 to 2002, retiring with a record total of 924 wins, and a 635–270–69 record at MSU.[99]

Michigan State is among only sixteen Division 1A programs to win multiple national titles in football, and the only school to win multiple national titles in football, basketball, and hockey (MSU was the first athletic program to win multiple national titles in both football and basketball). MSU has won all of its football championships playing only division 1A opponents and has never played a division 1AA program but is scheduled to play Montana State September 5, 2009. The Spartans have participated in two events, in basketball and ice hockey, which have set world records for spectator attendances for both sports.

In 1888 Michigan State University (then as known as Michigan Agricultural College) along with Olivet, Albion and Hillsdale Colleges was a founding member of the nation’s oldest athletic conference, the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA). MAC left the conference in 1907.
Football
Main article: Michigan State Spartans football
Spartan Stadium hosts varsity football games and other events.

Football has a long tradition at Michigan State. Starting as a club sport in 1884, football gained varsity status in 1896.[100] It won the Rose Bowl in 1954, 1956, and 1988. The Spartans accounted for four of the top eight selections in the 1967 NFL Draft, the only time a college football program has accomplished such a feat.

Today, the football team competes in Spartan Stadium, a renovated 75,005 seat football stadium near the center of campus. The current coach is Mark Dantonio, who was hired on November 27, 2006.[101] Dantonio had an 18–17 record in his three year tenure at the University of Cincinnati, including a 1–0 Bowl Game record.[102] He led the team in its first season to a 7–6 record. The Spartans played in the Champs Sports Bowl against Boston College on December 28, 2007 and the Capital One Bowl against Georgia on January 1, 2009. MSU’s traditional archrival is the University of Michigan, against whom they compete annually for the Paul Bunyan Trophy. Michigan State is one of three Big Ten teams to have an annual non-conference football game against Notre Dame. MSU’s record against the Fighting Irish is 25–44–1 but the Spartans have had much success against the Irish recently, becoming the first team ever to win six straight games at Notre Dame Stadium.[103]
The Jack Breslin Student Events Center is home to the men and women’s basketball teams.
Men’s basketball
Main article: Michigan State Spartans men’s basketball
See also: Category:Michigan State Spartans men’s basketball players and Category:Michigan State Spartans men’s basketball coaches

MSU’s men’s basketball team has won the National Championship twice: in 1979 and again in 2000.[104] In 1979, Earvin “Magic” Johnson,[105] along with Greg Kelser,[106] Jay Vincent,[107] and Mike Brkovich, led the MSU team to a 75–64 win against the Larry Bird-led Indiana State Sycamores. In 2000, three players from Flint, Michigan, Morris Peterson,[108] Charlie Bell,[109] and Mateen Cleaves[110] led the team to its second national title. Dubbed the “Flintstones”, they were the key to the Spartans’ win against the University of Florida. On December 13, 2003, Michigan State and Kentucky played in the Basketbowl, in which a record crowd of 78,129 watched the game in Detroit’s Ford Field. Kentucky won 79–74.[111] The team currently plays at the Jack Breslin Student Events Center under head coach Tom Izzo, who has a 331-136 record. The student spirit section is the Izzone. Izzo’s coaching has helped the team make five Final Fours since 1999, winning the title in 2000, and twelve consecutive NCAA tournament appearances. In 2009 the Spartans made it to the National Championship and lost 72-89 to North Carolina
Men’s ice hockey
Munn Ice Arena was named for former football coach Clarence L. “Biggie” Munn.
Main article: Michigan State Spartans men’s ice hockey
See also: Category:Michigan State Spartans ice hockey players and Category:Michigan State Spartans ice hockey coaches

The MSU men’s ice hockey team started in 1924, though it has only been a varsity sport since 1950. The team has since won national titles in 1966, 1986, and 2007. The Spartans came close to repeating the national title in 1987, but lost the championship game to the University of North Dakota. They play at MSU’s Munn Ice Arena. Former head coach Ron Mason, is college hockey’s winningest coach with 924 wins total and 635 at MSU.[99] The current head coach is Rick Comley, who has a 34–19–3 record at MSU.[112] Since the Big Ten Conference does not include Division I men’s ice hockey, Michigan State competes in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. Michigan State leads the CCHA in all-time wins, is second in CCHA Conference championships with 7, and is first in CCHA Tournament Championships with 11. Along with the University of Michigan (U-M) and the Ohio State University, it is one of three Big Ten schools in the CCHA. As with other sports, the hockey rivalry between MSU and U-M is a fierce one, and on October 6, 2001, MSU faced U-M in the Cold War, during which a world record crowd of 74,554 packed Spartan Stadium to watch the game end in a 3–3 tie.[113] In the 2006–2007 season, the Men’s Ice Hockey team defeated Boston College for its third NCAA hockey championship.[114]

Student life
Hubbard Hall is a twelve-story residence hall on the eastern edge of campus. It is MSU’s second tallest building, surpassed by Spartan Stadium

East Lansing is very much a college town, with 60.2% of the population between the ages of 15 and 24.[115] President John A. Hannah’s push to expand in the 1950s and 1960s resulted in the largest residence hall system in the United States.[116] Around 16,000 students live in MSU’s 23 undergraduate halls, one graduate hall, and three apartment villages. Each residence hall has its own hall government, with representatives in the Residence Halls Association. Yet despite the size and extent of on-campus housing, the residence halls complimented by a variety of housing options. 58% of students live off-campus,[117] mostly in the areas closest to campus, in either apartment buildings, former single-family homes, fraternity and sorority houses, or in a co-op.
The MSU Union, designed by Pond and Pond is home to many events on campus.
Greek life

With over 3,000 members, Michigan State University’s Greek Community is one of the largest in the nation. Started in 1872[118] and re-established in 1922 by Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity, Alpha Gamma Rho Fraternity, and Alpha Phi Sorority; the MSU Greek system now consists of 55 Greek lettered student societies.[119] These chapters are in turn under the jurisdiction of one of MSU’s four Greek governing councils. Of these four, the Interfraternity Council and the Women’s Panhellenic Council are each entirely responsible for their own budgets, giving them the freedom to hold large fundraising and recruitment events. MSU’s fraternities and sororities hold many philanthropy events and community fundraisers. For example, in March 2008 the Greek Community held Greek Week to raise over $208,000 for the American Cancer Society, and $5,000 for each of these charities: Make-a-Wish Foundation (MSU Chapter), Share Laura’s Hope, The Mary Beth Knox Scholarship, and the Special Olympics.[120]
Student organizations
The Student Services Building houses the MSU Department of Student Life, as well as ASMSU and the Greek governing councils.

The Associated Students of Michigan State University (ASMSU) is the undergraduate student government of Michigan State University.[121] It is unusual amongst university student governments for its decentralized bicameral structure,[122] and the relatively non-existent influence of the Greek system. ASMSU representatives are nonpartisan and many are elected in noncompetitive races.

Students pay $16.75 per semester to fund the functions of the ASMSU, including stipends for the organization’s officers and activities throughout the year.[123] Some students have criticized ASMSU for not having enough electoral participation to gain a student mandate. Turnout since 2001 has hovered between 3 and 17 percent, with the 2006 election bringing out 8% of the undergraduate student body.[124]

Student-run organizations beyond student government also have a large impact on the East Lansing/Michigan State University community. One example is the Tower Guard honor society. Tower Guard is the oldest and one of the most respected student organizations on campus [125]

The Eli Broad College of Business includes 27 students organizations. The three largest organizations are the Finance Association (FA), the Accounting Student Association (ASA), and the Supply Chain Management Association (SCMA).[126] The SCMA is the host of the university’s largest major specific career fair. The fair attracts over 100 companies and over 400 students each year.[127]
Activism

Activists have played an important role in MSU history.[128] During the height of the Vietnam War, student protests helped create co-ed residence halls, and blocked the routing of Interstate 496 through campus. In the 1980s, Michigan State students convinced the University to divest the stocks of companies doing business in apartheid South Africa from its endowment portfolio, such as Coca-Cola.[129] MSU has many student groups focused on political change. Graduate campus groups include the Graduate Employees Union[130] and the Council of Graduate Students.[131] Michigan State also has a variety of partisan groups ranging from liberal to conservative, including the College Republicans, the College Democrats and several third party organizations. Other partisan activist groups include Young Americans for Freedom and Young Americans for Liberty on the right; Young Democratic Socialists, Students for Economic Justice, Young Communist League and MEChA on the left. Given MSU’s proximity to the Michigan state capital of Lansing, many politically inclined Spartans intern for state representatives.
Sustainability

The MSU Office of Sustainability works with the and the University Committee for a Sustainable Campus to “foster a collaborative learning culture that leads the community to heightened awareness of its environmental impact.” [132] The university is a member of the Chicago Climate Exchange, the world’s first greenhouse gas emission registry, and boasts the lowest electrical consumption per square foot among Big Ten universities. The University has set a goal of reducing energy use by 15%, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 15%, reducing landfill waste by 30% by 2015. [133]

The university has also pledged to meet LEED-certification standards for all new construction. In July 2009, the University will complete construction on a $13.3 million recycling center, and hopes to double their 2008 recycling rate of 14% by 2010. [134]

The Environmental Steward’s program support’s President Simon’s “Boldness by Design” strategic vision to transform environmental stewardship on campus within the seven year time frame. [135] Environmental stewards promote environmental changes among co-workers and peers, be points of contact for their department for environment-related concerns, and be liaisons between the Be Spartan Green Team and buildings. [135]

ECO is the leading student-run sustainability organization on campus. They are also affiliated with regional and national groups such as Campus Climate Challenge and the Michigan Student Sustainability Coalition. [136]

The Student Organic Farm is a student-run, four-season farm, which teaches the principals of organic farming and through a certificate program and community supported agriculture (CSA) on ten acres on the MSU campus. [137] The certificate program consists of year round crop production, course work in organic farming, practical training and management, and an off-site internship requirement. [138]
Media
A 2005 bronze replica of “The Spartan” (nicknamed “Sparty”) replaces Leonard D. Jungwirth’s modernist original.[139]

MSU has a variety of campus media outlets. The student-run newspaper, the The State News, is the country’s most widely distributed campus newspaper. Free copies of the paper are available online or at East Lansing newsstands. The paper prints 28,500 copies of the paper Monday through Friday during the fall and spring semesters, and 15,000 copies Monday through Friday during the summer.[140] The paper is not published on weekends, holidays, or semester breaks. The campus yearbook, the Red Cedar Log, is the largest in the United States.[141] Red Cedar Review, Michigan State University’s premier literary digest for over forty years, is the longest running undergraduate-run literary journal in the United States.[142] It is published annually by the Michigan State University Press.

Electronic media include three radio stations and one public television station, as well as student-produced television shows. MSU’s Public Broadcasting Service affiliate, WKAR-TV, the station is the second-oldest educational television station in the United States, and the oldest east of the Mississippi River. Besides broadcasting PBS shows, WKAR-TV produces its own local programming, such as a high school quiz bowl show called “QuizBusters”. In addition, MSU has three radio stations; WKAR-AM plays National Public Radio’s talk radio programming, whereas WKAR-FM focuses mostly on classical music programming.[143] Michigan State’s student-run radio station, WDBM, broadcasts mostly alternative music during weekdays, and electric music programming nights and weekends.[144]
MSU’s campus is heavily forested. This trail runs behind several residence halls, including Owen Hall, McDonel Hall, and Holmes Hall.
People
Main article: List of Michigan State University people

The current president of the University is Lou Anna Simon who took over on January 1, 2005 after being appointed by MSU’s governing board, the Board of Trustees. The Board receives its mandate from the Michigan Constitution since MSU is a state-owned school. The constitution allows for eight trustees who are elected by statewide referendum every two years. Trustees have eight-year terms, with two of the eight elected every other year.[145] As of 2007, the Board is made up of three Republicans and five Democrats.[146]
19th century
Eustace-Cole Hall was the United States’ first freestanding horticulture laboratory. It is the only MSU building on the National Register of Historic Places. Additionally, Eustace-Cole Hall houses the offices of the Michigan State University Honors College.

Important College leaders in the 1800s include John C. Holmes, who kept the Agriculture School from being a part of the University of Michigan and is widely credited with being the prime mover for the school’s founding;[8] Joseph R. Williams, the first president;[10] and Theophilus C. Abbot, the third president who stabilized the College after the Civil War.[147] Also of importance was botany professor William J. Beal, an early plant (hybrid corn) geneticist who championed the laboratory teaching method.[148] Another distinguished faculty member of the era was the alumnus/professor Liberty Hyde Bailey.[149] Bailey was the first to raise the study of horticulture to a science, paralleling botany, which earned him the title of “Father of American Horticulture”.[150] Other famous 19th century graduates include Ray Stannard Baker,[151] a famed “muckraker” journalist and Pulitzer Prize winning biographer; Minakata Kumagusu,[152] a renowned environmental scientist; and William Chandler Bagley, a pioneering education reformer.[153]
The Human Ecology Building
20th and 21st centuries

Today, there are around 460,000 living MSU alumni worldwide.[2] Famous MSU alumni include former Michigan governors James Blanchard[154] and John Engler,[155] U.S. Senators Debbie Stabenow[156] and Tim Johnson, U.S. ambassador to Brazil Donna Hrinak, former Jordan Prime Minister Adnan Badran, billionaire philanthropist Eli Broad,[157] Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court Wallace B. Jefferson,[158] trial lawyer Geoffrey Feiger, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Richard Ford, Teamsters president James P. Hoffa,[159] Quicken Loans founder and Cleveland Cavaliers owner and billionaire Dan Gilbert,[160] Sergeant at Arms of the U.S. House of Representatives Wilson Livingood,[161] former Michigan U.S. Senator and Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham,[162] former Vice President of the Republic of Liberia Harry Moniba, and former U.S. Ambassador to Italy Peter Secchia. Alumni in Hollywood include actors James Caan,[163] Anthony Heald,[164] Robert Urich,[165] and William Fawcett;[166] comedian Dick Martin, director Sam Raimi,[167] and screenwriter David Magee.[168] Journalists include NBC reporter Chris Hansen,[169] AP White House Correspondent Nedra Pickler, and NPR Washington Correspondent Don Gonyea. Novelist Michael Kimball graduated in 1990. Susan K. Avery, the first woman president and director of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, received an MSU bachelor’s degree in physics.[170] In addition, two of the Little Rock Nine attended Michigan State, including Ernest Green,[171] the first black student to graduate from Little Rock Central High School; and Carlotta Walls LaNier.[172] The University awarded an honorary degree to Robert Mugabe in 1990,[173] but revoked it in 2008.[174]

Spartans formerly or currently in the NBA include Earvin “Magic” Johnson,[105] Greg Kelser,[106] Jay Vincent,[107] Steve Smith,[175] Scott Skiles,[176] Jason Richardson,[177] Mateen Cleaves,[110] Alan Anderson,[178] Zach Randolph,[179] Morris Peterson[108] and Charlie Bell.[109] On the American Football League’s All-Time Team are tight-end Fred Arbanas[180] and safety George Saimes.[181] In the National Football League, MSU alumni include Carl Banks, he was a member of the Giants teams that won Super Bowls XXI and XXV. Banks was a standout in their Super Bowl XXI victory in which he recorded 14 total tackles, including ten solo tackles as well as being part of the NFL’s 1980’s All-Decade Team Morten Andersen,[182] Plaxico Burress,[183] Andre Rison,[184] Derrick Mason,[185] Muhsin Muhammad,[186] T.J. Duckett,[187] Flozell Adams,[188] Julian Peterson,[189] Charles Rogers,[190] Jim Miller,[191] Earl Morrall,[192] Wayne Fontes,[193] Bubba Smith,[194] and Drew Stanton.[195] Former MSU quarterback Jeff Smoker now plays in the Arena Football League.[196] Former Michigan State players in the National Hockey League include All Star Defensemen Duncan Keith, Rod Brind’Amour,[197] Anson Carter,[198] Donald McSween,[199] Adam Hall,[200] John-Michael Liles, Justin Abdelkader, brothers Kelly Miller[201] and Kip Miller,[202] as well as their cousins, brothers Ryan Miller[203] and Drew Miller.[204] Former Michigan State players in Major League Baseball include Hall of Fame inductee Robin Roberts,[205]Kirk Gibson,[206] Steve Garvey,[207] and Mark Mulder.[208] Olympic gold medalists include Savatheda Fynes,[209] and Frederick Alderman.[210] The Spartans are also contributing athletes to Major League Soccer, as Kevin Reiman, Doug Demartin, Dave Hertel, Greg Janicki, Kenzo Webster, Rauwshan McKenzie, John Minagawa-Webster and Ryan McMahen have all played in Major League Soccer.[211] In addition, Alex Skotarek, Steve Twellman, and Buzz Demling played in the North American Soccer League, with Demling playing in the 1972 Summer Olympics and the United States Men’s National Soccer Team in the 1970s.
See also
University portal
Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michigan State University

* List of Colleges and Universities in Michigan
* List of Land-grant Universities
o Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
* East Lansing, Michigan
* Lansing, Michigan
* State of Michigan Education
* Michigan State University College of Law
* List of Michigan State University People
* Michigan State University Athletics
o List of Michigan State University Championships
o Big Ten Conference
* Michigan State University Libraries
* Michigan State University Press
* The State News

References

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128. ^ Daniel Sturm, “Where is McPherson leading Moo U? Critics see comparisons to MSU’s Vietnam-era role”. The Lansing City Pulse. 5 May 2004. http://www.lansingcitypulse.com/lansing/archives/040505/040505cover.html. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
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135. ^ a b “Environmental Stewardship Program”. Michigan State University. http://www.bespartangreen.msu.edu/about/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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137. ^ “MSU Organic Farm”. Michigan State University. http://www.msuorganicfarm.org/home.php/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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140. ^ “Masthead”. The State News Accessed April 13, 2007.
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144. ^ “Shows”. Impact 89FM. Accessed December 15, 2007
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147. ^ “Theophilus Capen Abbot”. Michigan State University Archives & Historical Collections. Accessed January 9, 2008.
148. ^ “William James Beal Society”. Campaign for MSU University Development. Accessed April 18, 2007.
149. ^ “Liberty Hyde Bailey – A Man for All Seasons”. Cornell University Library. p. 7. Accessed April 27, 2007.
150. ^ Hugo, Nancy (1997). Earth Works: Readings for Backyard Gardeners. University of Virginia Press. pp. 68. ISBN 0-8139-1831-6.
151. ^ Bannister, Robert. “Ray Stannard Baker”. Swathmore Department of History. Accessed April 21, 2007.
152. ^ “Going Abroad”. Minakata Kumugusu Museum. Accessed January 9, 2008.
153. ^ Null, J. Wesley. A Disciplined Progressive Educator: The Life and Career of William Chandler Bagley’ (PDF). New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 0-8204-6909-2.
154. ^ “Blanchard, James Johnston”. 208. “Abdulaziz Mohammed Al-Failakawi, Commercial Analyst and Relationship Manager at Kuwait International Bank. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed April 28, 2007
155. ^ “Governor John Engler Biography”. Michigan’s Former Governors. Accessed April 29, 2007.
156. ^ “Biography”. United States Senator Debbie Stabenow. Accessed April 29, 2007.
157. ^ “400 Richest Americans – 42 – Eli Broad”. Forbes. September 21, 2006. Accessed April 26, 2006.
158. ^ State.tx.us
159. ^ “Biography of General President Hoffa”, teamster.org. International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Accessed April 26, 2006.
160. ^ “400 Richest Americans – 354 – Daniel Gilbert”. Forbes. September 21, 2006. Accessed April 26, 2006.
161. ^ “Wilson Livingood: Security for the U.S. Home”. Michigan State University Alumni Association Magazine. Accessed January 9, 2008.
162. ^ “Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham”. The White House. Accessed April 29, 2007.
163. ^ “James Caan – Biography”. Internet Movie Database. Accessed April 27, 2007.
164. ^ “Anthony Heald – Biography”. Internet Movie Database. Accessed April 27, 2007.
165. ^ “Robert Urich – Biography”. Internet Movie Database. Accessed April 27, 2007.
166. ^ “William Fawcet – Biography”. Internet Movie Database. Accessed January 25, 2008.
167. ^ “Bob Murawski – Biography”. Internet Movie Database. Accessed April 27, 2007.
168. ^ “2006 Distinguished Alumni Award: David S. Magee, BA Theatre ‘84″. Michigan State University College of Arts and Letters. Accessed January 9, 2008.
169. ^ “Chris Hansen”. “Dateline NBC”. Accessed November 13, 2007
170. ^ “WHOI names Dr. Susan K. Avery first woman president”. Cape Cod Today. October 16, 2007. http://www.capecodtoday.com/news716.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
171. ^ “MSU Announces Celebratory Plans in Honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.”. MSU Newsroom. January 12, 2000. Accessed April 26, 2006.
172. ^ “Carlotta Wells Lanier”. Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Accessed April 28, 2007
173. ^ MSU considers revoking honorary degree awarded to Mugabe
174. ^ “Mugabe Stripped Of MSU Degree”. WILX.com. 2008-09-12. http://www.wilx.com/home/headlines/28302079.html. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
175. ^ “Steve Smith Statistics”. Basketball-Reference.com. Accessed April 20, 2007.
176. ^ “Scott Skiles Statistics”. Basketball-Reference.com. Accessed April 20, 2007.
177. ^ “Jason Richardson Statistics”. Basketball-Reference.com. Accessed April 20, 2007.
178. ^ “Alan Anderson Statistics”. Basketball-Reference.com. Accessed January 9, 2008.
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189. ^ “Julian Peterson”. NFLPlayers.com. Accessed April 28, 2007.
190. ^ “Charles Rogers Statistics”. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Accessed January 9, 2008.
191. ^ “MSU Announces Football Broadcast Team”. MSUSpartans.com. Accessed April 28, 2007.
192. ^ “Class of ‘87″. Muskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame. Accessed April 28, 2007.
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210. ^ “Frederick Alderman, Oldest U.S. Olympic Gold Medalist, 93″. The New York Times. September 21, 1998. Accessed January 9, 2008.
211. ^ “Kevin Reiman Selected In MLS Supplemental Draft”. msuspartans.cstv.com. January 28, 2008 Accessed April 11, 2008.

Further reading

* Kuhn, Madison. (1955). Michigan State: The First Hundred Years, 1855–1955. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0-87013-222-9.
* Stanford, Linda O., and Dewhurst, C. Kurt. (2002). MSU Campus: Buildings, Places, Spaces. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0-87013-631-3.

External links

* Official site
* Official athletics site

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Hidden categories: Featured articles

Corey Ian Haim (December 23, 1971 – March 10, 2010)[1] was a Canadian actor, known for a 1980s Hollywood career as a teen idol. He starred or co-starred in a number of films such as Lucas, Murphy’s Romance, The Lost Boys, License to Drive and Dream a Little Dream. Most notably, he collaborated numerous times with Corey Feldman, the pair being dubbed “The Two Coreys”. Haim and Feldman starred in a TV ‘reality’ show titled The Two Coreys,[2] which aired on the A&E Network from July 2007 to August 2008.
Contents

* 1 Early life
* 2 Career
o 2.1 1980s
o 2.2 1990s
o 2.3 Early 2000s
o 2.4 Comeback
* 3 Personal life
* 4 Death
* 5 Filmography
* 6 References
* 7 External links

Early life

Haim was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son of Judy, an Israeli-born data processor, and Bernie Haim, who worked in sales.[3] He had an older sister, Carol.[4] Haim was raised Jewish.[4][5] He was enrolled in acting lessons by his mother in an attempt to help him overcome his shyness. Haim, not particularly fascinated by acting, participated in other activities, such as hockey, playing music on his keyboard and collecting comic books.[6]
Career
1980s

Haim first broke into mainstream acting playing the role of Larry in the Canadian family-oriented comedy television series, The Edison Twins, which ran from 1982 through until 1986. Haim made his first cinematic appearance in the 1984 feature film, Firstborn, which starred Sarah Jessica Parker and Robert Downey Jr. In 1985, Haim appeared in minor roles in Secret Admirer and Murphy’s Romance and starred in the leading role in a feature film version of Stephen King’s novella Silver Bullet, playing a paraplegic boy alongside Gary Busey. Haim started to make a name for himself in the industry, notably by earning his first Young Artist Award as an Exceptional Young Actor Starring in a Television Special or Movie of the Week for the television movie A Time to Live.

Haim’s major break was in 1986, billed as the main star alongside Kerri Green, Charlie Sheen, and Winona Ryder in the popular movie Lucas. Haim would receive a nomination for an Exceptional Performance by a Young Actor Starring in a Feature Film – Comedy or Drama at the Young Artist Awards for his role as the title character. Film critic Roger Ebert gave Haim good reviews.[7] Following the success of Lucas, Haim starred in the 1987 television series Roomies.

In 1987, Haim had a featured role in Joel Schumacher’s vampire film The Lost Boys, alongside Jason Patric and Kiefer Sutherland. The film was well received by most reviewers.[8] Besides gaining Haim more renown, the film began his famous partnership with Feldman. The performance earned him another Young Artist Award nomination as Best Young Male Superstar in a Motion Picture. In 1988, Haim starred in two more widely released films: License to Drive, a financially successful teen comedy co-starring Feldman, and the horror film Watchers. Haim won his second Young Artist Award, tying Feldman for the Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture Comedy or Fantasy award for License to Drive.

Haim and Feldman appeared in the film Dream a Little Dream. The film spawned the Billboard Hot 100 number one single Rock On for Michael Damian, with the pair appearing in the song’s music video. That year Haim released a self-promotional video documentary entitled Corey Haim: Me, Myself, and I.
1990s

Haim’s first film after the Me, Myself and I documentary was The Dream Machine, a direct-to-video film released in 1990. Haim co-starred with Patricia Arquette in Prayer of the Rollerboys. He continued starring in direct-to-video films, including Blown Away,[9] The Double 0 Kid and Oh, What a Night. In 1993, he starred in a full motion video game called Double Switch, which was released for the Sega CD and later for the Sega Saturn, as well as for the home computer. Over the next two years, Haim would release sequels to two of his older films; in 1994, Fast Getaway II was released along with National Lampoon’s Last Resort. The following year, Life 101 and another sequel, Dream a Little Dream 2, with Feldman, were released.

In 1996, Haim starred in four more direct-to-video films: Snowboard Academy, Busted with Feldman, Demolition High, and Fever Lake. He had a minor role in a television version of Merlin. After releasing both Never Too Late and the sequel to Demolition High, Demolition University (which he produced), he filed for bankruptcy in 1997.[10]
Early 2000s

Haim attempted to return to the industry in 2000 with another direct-to-video film, Without Malice, with Jennifer Beals and Craig Sheffer. He spent time in rehab. Haim says, “I started on the downers which were a hell of a lot better than the uppers because I was a nervous wreck. But one led to two, two led to four, four led to eight, until at the end it was about 85 a day — the doctors could not believe I was taking that much. And that was just the Valium — I’m not talking about the other pills I went through”.[11]

The next year, Haim appeared in The Back Lot Murders alongside Priscilla Barnes. He became the subject of an E! True Hollywood Story in 2001. He made a cameo role appearance in Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star, a film about a former child star who did not live a normal childhood; it featured a range of other former child stars, including Feldman.

In 2002, he guest starred as himself in an episode of the Canadian television series Big Wolf on Campus.

By 2004, Haim appeared to have allegedly overcome his drug habit, after resettling in Toronto. In response to an investigation by The Sun newspaper into what exactly had happened to Haim, he responded saying that: “I’m clean, sober, humble and happy.”[11] In 2006, he was ranked #8 on VH1’s Greatest Teen Stars.
Comeback

On December 4, 2006, Haim began taping an improv/reality show with Feldman titled The Two Coreys. The show premiered on the A&E Network on July 29, 2007. Haim and Feldman signed on for a second season of the show, which aired starting June 22, 2008.[12]

Haim was nominated for a Viewer’s Choice Award at the 22nd Annual Gemini Awards in Canada for his role in The Two Coreys. He was voted #8 in the category of “Favourite Canadian” on a TV Series (not eligible for a Gemini) for his role in the A&E show.[13]

On February 7, 2008, Haim ran a paid ad in the Hollywood trade publication, Variety, stating “This is not a stunt. I’m back. I’m ready to work. I’m ready to make amends”.[14]

In February 2008, filming resumed in Vancouver for Lost Boys: The Tribe. Haim reversed his previous decision to not participate in the film, but did not appear on-screen until the closing credits.

Feldman stated his refusal to have further contacts with Haim until he recovered from his addiction.[15] A&E decided against a third season of The Two Coreys and canceled it in July 2008.[16] Amid their estrangement, there were unconfirmed reports that Warner Brothers plans to release a Lost Boys 3 — with both of their characters facing off. In that scenario, Jamison Newlander would join the cast.[17][18] Feldman was confirmed to star in, and executive produce, Lost Boys: The Thirst.

In 2008, Haim joined the cast of Shark City, which filmed in Toronto with Vivica Fox, Carlo Rota, David Phillips, and Jefferson Brown, and premiered in 2009. Haim was reported to be in two films scheduled for a 2010 release: The Pick Up and SAD (Standard American Diet).
Personal life

Haim was never married. He was once engaged to actress Nicole Eggert.[19]
Death

On March 10, 2010 Corey Haim was taken to Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California and pronounced dead at 2:15 a.m. Los Angeles police said that Haim’s death appeared to be accidental and may have been due to an overdose, and that no illicit drugs were found at the scene.[20]
Filmography

* The Edison Twins (1982) (TV)
* Firstborn (1984)
* Secret Admirer (1985)
* Silver Bullet (1985)
* A Time to Live (1985) (TV)
* Murphy’s Romance (1985)
* Lucas (1986)
* Roomies (1987) (TV)
* The Lost Boys (1987)
* Watchers (1988)
* License to Drive (1988)
* Dream a Little Dream (1989)
* The Dream Machine (1990)
* Fast Getaway (1991)
* Prayer of the Rollerboys (1991)
* Oh, What a Night (1992) (V)
* The Double 0 Kid (1992) (V)
* Blown Away (1992) (V)
* Double Switch (1993) (VG)
* Anything for Love (1993) (V)
* Fast Getaway II (1994) (V)
* National Lampoon’s Last Resort (1994) (V)
* Dream a Little Dream 2 (1995) (V)
* Life 101 (1995) (V)
* Snowboard Academy (1996) (V)
* Shooter on the Side (1996) (V)
* Fever Lake (1996) (V)
* Demolition High (1996) (V)
* Busted (1996) (V)
* Never Too Late (1997) (V)
* Demolition University (1997) (V)
* Merlin (1998) (TV)
* Without Malice (2000) (TV)
* The Back Lot Murders (2002)
* Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star (2003)
* Universal Groove (2007)
* Lost Boys: The Tribe (2008)
* Crank: High Voltage (2009)
* Shark City (2009)
* Terminal Hotel (2009)[21]
* American Sunset (2009)
* Trade In (2009)
* The Girl (2010)
* The Pick Up (2010)
* SAD (Standard American Diet)

References

1. ^ Robert Jablon (2010). “‘Lost Boys’ actor Corey Haim dead in Burbank at 38″. Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/10/AR2010031001225.html. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
2. ^ James Poniewozik (2010). “Corey Haim Dead of Overdose at 38; Teen Movie Star, Reality-TV Cautionary Tale”. Time. http://tunedin.blogs.time.com/2010/03/10/corey-haim-dead-of-overdose-at-38-teen-movie-star-reality-tv-cautionary-tale/. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
3. ^ Zekas, Rick (1985-10-15). “North York kid sees his future in Hollywood”. The Toronto Star. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/474652321.html?dids=474652321:474652321&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+15%2C+1985&author=Rita+Zekas+Toronto+Star&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=North+York+kid+sees+his+future+in+Hollywood&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
4. ^ a b Schnurmacher, Thomas (1984-11-10). “Funny boy gets a film break”. The Montreal Gazette. pp. 36. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EkUwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=paUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4662,5435214&dq=funny-boy-gets-a-film-break&hl=en. Retrieved 2010-03-10. : “His parents Bernie and Judy Haim are preparing for a February bar mitzvah.”
5. ^ Mandi Bierly (2007). “The Found Boys”. Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20040769_20040772_20046208_2,00.html. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
6. ^ Corey Haim: Biography
7. ^ Ebert, Roger. Roger Ebert review of Lucas. Chicago Sun-Times. March 28, 1986. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
8. ^ The Lost Boys Movie Reviews, Pictures – Rotten Tomatoes
9. ^ Blown Away (1992)
10. ^ Josh Wigler (2010). “Corey Haim: A Timeline Of The Late Actor’s Career”. MTV. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1633601/20100310/story.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
11. ^ a b “Here’s what happened to Corey Haim”. The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,4-2004401122,00.html. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
12. ^ About the Two Coreys
13. ^ 22nd Annual Gemini Awards
14. ^ Ad image. CoreyHaim.tv.
15. ^ The Two Coreys Final Episode
16. ^ “Actor Corey Haim dies at age 38″. MSNBC. 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35794872/ns/entertainment-celebrities/. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
17. ^ “Lost Boys 3 with More Coreys Action”. http://movieblog.ugo.com/index.php/movieblog/more/lost_boys_3_with_more_coreys_action/.
18. ^ “Early Lost Boys 3 Talk”. http://www.moviehole.net/200814558-early-lost-boys-3-talk.
19. ^ Veronica Schmidt (2010). “Corey Haim dies, aged 38″. The Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article7056844.ece. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
20. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/10/corey.haim.obit/index.html
21. ^ Interview with ‘New Terminal Hotel ‘Writer/Director B.C. Furtney

External links
Search Wikiquote Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Corey Haim
Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Corey Haim

* Official website
* Corey Haim at the Internet Movie Database
* Corey Haim at MySpace

Persondata
NAME Haim, Corey
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Haim, Corey Ian
SHORT DESCRIPTION Actor
DATE OF BIRTH December 23, 1971
PLACE OF BIRTH Toronto, Ontario Canada
DATE OF DEATH March 10, 2010
PLACE OF DEATH Burbank, California
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Haim”
Categories: 1971 births | 2010 deaths | 20th-century actors | 20th-century Canadian people | 21st-century actors | Actors from Ontario | Canadian child actors | Canadian expatriate actors in the United States | Canadian film actors | Canadian film producers | Canadian Jews | Canadian television actors | Canadian television producers | Canadians of Israeli descent | Jewish actors | Participants in American reality television series | People from Toronto
Hidden categories: Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism | Recent deaths | Current events from March 2010

The Phoenix Suns are a professional basketball team based in Phoenix, Arizona. They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Their home arena since 1992 has been the US Airways Center in downtown Phoenix.

The Suns have been generally successful since they began play as an expansion team in 1968. In forty-one years of play, they have posted eighteen fifty-win seasons, and made eight trips to the Western Conference Finals, advancing to the NBA Finals in 1976 and 1993.

Despite four decades of success, the Suns have never won an NBA Championship.[1]
Contents

* 1 Franchise History
o 1.1 The Early Years
o 1.2 The Sunderella Suns
o 1.3 Drug scandal; Colangelo takes control
o 1.4 1993 NBA Finals and “The Barkley era”
o 1.5 1997–2004
o 1.6 Steve Nash and the Run n’ Gun era (2004–present)
* 2 Season-by-season records
* 3 Logos and uniforms
o 3.1 Logos
o 3.2 Uniforms
* 4 Suns mascots
o 4.1 The Suns Gorilla
o 4.2 Hairy and Hairyson
* 5 Broadcasting
* 6 Players
o 6.1 Phoenix Suns’ All-Century Team
o 6.2 40th Anniversary Team
o 6.3 Basketball Hall of Famers
o 6.4 Members of Suns Ring of Honor
o 6.5 Current roster
* 7 High points
o 7.1 Franchise leaders
o 7.2 Individual awards
* 8 Emmy Awards
* 9 References
* 10 External links

Franchise History
The Early Years

The Suns were one of two franchises to join the NBA at the start of the 1968–69 season, alongside the Milwaukee Bucks. They were the first major professional sports franchise in the state of Arizona, and would be the only one for 20 years until the Cardinals of the National Football League relocated from St. Louis in 1988. The team played its first 24 seasons at the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum, located west of downtown Phoenix. The franchise was formed by an ownership group led by local businessmen Karl Eller, Don Pitt, Don Diamond, and Richard Bloch, and also part of the group was entertainer Andy Williams. There were many critics, including then-NBA commissioner J. Walter Kennedy, who said that Phoenix was “too hot”, “too small”, and “too far away” to be considered a successful NBA market[2]. This was despite the fact that the Phoenix metropolitan area was (and still is) rapidly growing and the Suns would have built-in geographical foes in San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle.

After continual prodding by Bloch, the NBA Board of Governors finally decided that on January 22, 1968, Phoenix and Milwaukee were granted franchises in their respective cities. They paid an entry fee of $2 million to enter the league. The Suns nickname was among 28,000 entries that were formally chosen in a “Name the Team” contest sponsored by the Arizona Republic[3]; the winner was awarded $1,000 and season tickets to the inaugural season. Stan Fabe, who owned a commercial printing plant in Tucson, designed the team’s first iconic logo for a mere $200; this was after the team paid $5,000 to a local artist to design the team’s logo, but to disappointing results.

Jerry Colangelo, a then-player scout, came over from the Chicago Bulls (a franchise formed two years earlier) as the Suns’ first general manager at the age of 28, along with Johnny “Red” Kerr as head coach. Unlike the first-year success that Colangelo and Kerr had in Chicago, in which the Bulls finished with a first-year expansion record of 33 wins and a playoff berth (plus a Coach of the Year award for Kerr), Phoenix finished its first year at 16–66, and finished 25 games out of the final playoff spot.

The Suns’ last-place finish that season led to a coin flip for the number-one overall pick for the 1969 NBA Draft with the expansion-mate Bucks. Milwaukee won the flip, and the rights to draft UCLA center Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (then known as Lew Alcindor), while Phoenix settled on drafting center Neal Walk from the University of Florida. While the Bucks went on to win the NBA Finals in 1971 and reaching the Finals again in 1974 (losing to the Boston Celtics), the Suns would not go to the Finals themselves until 1976. The 1969–70 season posted better results for the Suns, finishing 39–43, but losing to the eventual Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs. The next two seasons (1970–71 and 1971–72), the Suns finished with 48 and 49-win seasons, however they did not qualify for the playoffs in either year, and would not reach the playoffs again until 1976.
The Sunderella Suns

The 1975–76 season proved to be a pivotal year for the Suns, as they made several key moves, including the offseason trade of guard Charlie Scott to the Boston Celtics, in exchange for guard Paul Westphal, a key member of Boston’s 1974 championship team. The team also drafted center and eventual fan favorite Alvan Adams from the University of Oklahoma and guard Ricky Sobers of UNLV. The Suns and Buffalo Braves made an midseason trade, with Phoenix sending forward/center John Shumate to Buffalo in exchange for forward Garfield Heard.

Phoenix had an “up-and-down” regular season, starting out at 14–9 (then the best start in team history), then going 4–18 during a stretch of which the team went through injuries (including “Original Sun” Dick Van Arsdale breaking his right arm in a February game), but the Suns caught fire of sorts, going 24–13 in their final 37 games to finish 42–40 overall, clinching their first playoff spot since 1970. The Suns faced and beat the SuperSonics in the first round of the Western Conference playoffs, four games to two, and beat the defending NBA champion Warriors in the Western Conference Finals, four games to three, to advance to their first-ever Finals.

The Suns faced a battle-tested Boston Celtics team, led by eventual Hall of Famers Dave Cowens and John Havlicek. The crucial Game 5 of the 1976 NBA Finals took place at Boston Garden, where the Suns came back from 22-point first-half deficit to force a first overtime. Havlicek made what was supposed to be a game-winning basket, but due to fans rushing the floor beford time officially expired, officials put one second back on the clock with Phoenix having possession of the ball. The Suns’ Westphal called a timeout to advance the ball to half-court even though the Suns had no timeouts left. They were assessed a technical foul, in which Celtics guard Jo Jo White made the technical free throw to take a 112–110 lead for the Celtics. Once the Suns had possession, Heard made a buzzer-beating jumparound jump shot to force a second overtime. However, the Suns’ hard-fought battle would be short-lived, as Boston’s little-used reserve player Glenn McDonald scored six of his eight points in the third overtime to lead the Celtics to a 128–126 win. Boston eventually won the series in six games, clinching the championship at the Coliseum, defeating Phoenix in game six, 87–80.
Drug scandal; Colangelo takes control

In the late ’70s and early ’80s, the Suns enjoyed several successful seasons, making the playoffs for 8 seasons in a row. Problems arose however, on and off court, in the mid ’80s. In 1987 the Maricopa County Attorney’s Office indicted 13 people on drug-related charges, three of whom were active Suns players (James Edwards, Jay Humphries and Grant Gondrezick). These indictments were partially based on testimony from star player Walter Davis, who was given immunity. No defendants ever went to trial: two of the players went into a prosecution diversion program, while another received probation. Nevertheless, the scandal, although now perceived in many respects to be a witchhunt, tarnished the reputation of the franchise both nationally and within the community. The scandal did provide an opening for general manager Jerry Colangelo to lead a group that bought the team from its owners for $44 million, a record at that time.

With a drug scandal and the loss of promising young center Nick Vanos, who was killed in the crash of Northwest Airlines Flight 255 after taking off from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, the franchise was in turmoil on and off the court. The Suns’ luck began to turn around in 1987, however, with the acquisition from the Cleveland Cavaliers of Kevin Johnson, Mark West, and Tyrone Corbin for popular power forward Larry Nance. In 1988, Tom Chambers came over from the Seattle SuperSonics as the first unrestricted free agent in NBA history, Jeff Hornacek a 1986 second round pick continued to develop, “Thunder” Dan Majerle was drafted with the 14th pick in the draft, which they obtained from Cleveland in the Kevin Johnson trade, and the team began a 13-year playoff streak. Kurt Rambis was added from the Charlotte Hornets in 1989, and the team (coached by Fitzsimmons), in a shocking upset, beat the Los Angeles Lakers in 5 games that season before falling to the Portland Trail Blazers in the Western Conference Finals. In 1991, The Suns stormed to a 55–27 record, however they lost in the first round to the Utah Jazz 3–1. In 1992, the Suns cruised to a 53–29 record during the regular season. While having sent four players to the all-star game in the last two years (Chambers, Johnson, Hornacek and Majerle), the Suns were poised to make a serious run at the NBA Finals. They showed their poise by sweeping the San Antonio Spurs in 3 games in the first round of the 1992 NBA Playoffs. But once again the Suns fell in five games to the Trail Blazers in the conference semifinals, however the series was punctuated by an electrifying game 4, in which the Suns lost in double overtime 153–151 (the highest scoring game in NBA Playoff history to date). That game would end up being the last game ever played at the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum. The Suns were yet again denied a shot at a title, but in subsequent seasons enjoyed even greater success than ever before.
1993 NBA Finals and “The Barkley era”
“Streaking Suns” Logo (1992–2000)

In 1992, the Suns moved into their new arena in downtown Phoenix, the America West Arena (now US Airways Center). The arena was not the only new arrival into Phoenix though, as flamboyant all-star power forward Charles Barkley was traded from the Philadelphia 76ers for Jeff Hornacek, Andrew Lang, and Tim Perry. Barkley would go on to win his first and only MVP his first year with Phoenix in 1993.

In addition to Barkley, the Suns added some key players to their roster including former Boston Celtic Danny Ainge and draft players in University of Arkansas center Oliver Miller and forward Richard Dumas (who was actually drafted in 1991 but was suspended for his rookie year for violating the NBA drug policy).

Under rookie head coach Paul Westphal (a former Suns assistant and, as a player, member of the 1976 Suns squad that went to the NBA Finals), the Suns squad consisting mostly of Barkley, Majerle, Johnson and Ainge won 62 games that year. In the first round of the playoffs, they defeated the eighth-seeded Lakers, coming back from an 0–2 deficit in the five game series. The Suns went on to eliminate the Spurs and Sonics, advancing to the Finals for the second time in franchise history. They eventually lost to the Bulls, led by Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen. This series included a triple-overtime game (Game 3) that along with game 4 of the 1976 series are the only triple overtime games in the history of the NBA finals.[4][5] Approximately 300,000 fans braved the 105 degree heat to celebrate the memorable season in the streets of Phoenix.[6]

The Suns continued to be successful in the regular season, going 178–68 during the 1992–93, 1993–94, and 1994–95 seasons. They continued to bolster their roster adding players such as A. C. Green, Danny Manning, Wesley Person, Wayman Tisdale, and Elliot Perry. Despite a Pacific Division title in 1995, the Suns ended up being eliminated in consecutive Western Conference Semifinal rounds by the Houston Rockets. One of the big reasons the Suns lost to Houston in 1995 was the fact that Danny Manning injured his ACL right before the All-Star Break. In both years the Suns led the series by two games at one point (2–0 in 1994, 3–1 in 1995) only to see the Rockets come back to win each series in seven games.

At the end of the 1994–95 season, Phoenix Suns general manager, Bryan Colangelo (son of Jerry) initiated what proved to be a very costly trade, sending all star guard/forward Dan Majerle and a first round draft pick, to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for John “Hot Rod” Williams. Majerle was a favorite amongst the fans in Phoenix as well as the Suns locker room.[7] The trade was made to address the Suns’ desperate need of a shot blocking center, but proved frustrating as Majerle’s presence was sorely missed, and Williams’s production never met expectations.

The 1995–96 season turned into a very disappointing year for the Suns (despite drafting future All-Star Michael Finley) in which they posted a 41–41 record, and were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs to the San Antonio Spurs. It should be noted that Finley, the team’s second-leading scorer, went down with an injury shortly before the start of the playoffs leaving Barkley as the Suns’ only reliable option. Westphal was fired mid-way through the season and replaced once again by Fitzsimmons. A combination of front office unrest, along with the dwindling possibility of winning a championship lead to turmoil in Barkley’s relationship with Jerry Colangelo who both spurned each other publicly. This led to Barkley being traded to Houston for Sam Cassell, Robert Horry, Mark Bryant, and Chucky Brown; the trade turned out be unproductive for either team. Although Barkley helped lead the Rockets to a 57–25 record and a trip the Western Conference Finals in 1997, that turned out to be the only time Houston advanced past the first during his time there, as age and declining physical ability quickly caught up with Barkley and an already aging Rockets team (Hakeem Olajuwon, Clyde Drexler, Kevin Willis). As for the Suns, three of the four players were not with the franchise just one year later, and furthermore the two most talented players (being Horry and Cassell) constantly clashed with the coach and seemed to be a negative influence in the locker room.[citation needed] (The feud between Barkley and Colangelo has since been repaired, and Barkley has appeared at a number of Suns home games in the years since.[citation needed] He was also present to see his number retired into the Suns “Ring Of Honor” in 2004.)

In the 1996 NBA Draft, the Suns used their 15th pick for guard Steve Nash, of Santa Clara University. Upon hearing the draft announcement, Suns fans booed in disapproval of the relatively unknown player, due to the fact that he had not played in one of the major college conferences. During his first two seasons in the NBA, he played a supporting role behind NBA star point guards Jason Kidd and Kevin Johnson. On June 25, 1998, Nash was traded from the Suns to the Mavericks in exchange for Martin Muursepp, Bubba Wells, the draft rights to Pat Garrity, and a first-round draft pick which was later used to select Shawn Marion.
1997–2004

After the Barkley trade, the Suns began the 1996–97 season miserably, starting 0–13 which was a franchise record for the worst start. During the 13-game losing streak Fitzsimmons stepped down as coach and was replaced by former player Danny Ainge.

After an on-the-court altercation between Ainge and Horry, Horry was traded to the Lakers for former Sun and NBA all-star Cedric Ceballos. Cassell was later traded to Dallas for all-star guard Jason Kidd. With a mostly small lineup, the Suns put together an 11-game win streak that put them in the playoffs, in a series that almost upset the highly favored Sonics.

In the off-season prior to the 2000 NBA season the Suns traded for perennial All-Star Anfernee “Penny” Hardaway stirring a large amount of hype by creating the tandem of Kidd and Hardaway, which was called “Backcourt 2000″.[citation needed] However, the combination of Hardaway and Kidd was never fully realized as Hardaway would miss a number of games during the middle of the 1999–2000 season and Kidd would break his ankle going into the playoffs just as Hardaway began his return to the court. As the Suns, now led by the returned Hardaway, entered the 2000 playoffs, they shocked the favored San Antonio Spurs by ousting them from the playoffs 3–1 in the best-of-five series, the Spurs were without their best player Tim Duncan throughout the whole series. However, even with the return of Kidd at Hardaway’s side in the next round, the Suns fell to the eventual champion Los Angeles Lakers in a 4–1 series.

The Suns continued to make the playoffs until the 2001–02 campaign, when they fell short for the first time in 14 years. That season marked the trade of Jason Kidd, partly due to a publicized domestic violence episode, to the New Jersey Nets for Stephon Marbury. Lottery-bound, however, the Suns were able to draft Amar’e Stoudemire.

The 2002–03 campaign saw the emergence of Stoudemire, a graduate from Cypress Creek High School (Orlando, Florida). He became the first ever high school player to win the NBA Rookie of the Year in the 2002–03 season, during which the Suns posted a record of 44–38 and returned to the playoffs. Marbury had a stellar individual season, making the All-NBA Third Team and being selected as a reserve for the 2003 NBA All-Star Game while averaging 22.3 ppg and 8.1 apg. The Suns were eliminated in the first round once again by the San Antonio Spurs, but only after a six-game series with the eventual NBA champions.

In the 2003–04 season, the Suns found themselves out of the playoffs. The Suns made a blockbuster mid-season trade sending Marbury and Hardaway to the New York Knicks.
Steve Nash and the Run n’ Gun era (2004–present)
A home game against the Sacramento Kings in the 2006–07 NBA season.

The beginning of 2004 saw the departure of the face of Suns management since the team’s inception, when Jerry Colangelo announced that the Phoenix Suns were to be sold to an investment group headed by San Diego-based business executive (and Tucson native) Robert Sarver for $401 million. However, the 2004–05 season marked the Suns’ return to the NBA’s elite, with the Suns finishing with the best record in the NBA at 62–20, tying their franchise record that was set by the 1992–93 team. This feat was made possible by the off-season unrestricted FA signing of All-Star point guard Steve Nash from Dallas. Nash would go on to win the MVP award that season. Amar’e Stoudemire and Shawn Marion were named All-Stars that year and first year coach, Mike D’Antoni, was named NBA Coach of the Year.

In the 2005 NBA Playoffs, Phoenix was the first seed in the Western Conference, and because it owned the NBA’s best record, it was guaranteed home-court advantage throughout the playoffs. The Suns swept the Memphis Grizzlies 4–0 and defeated the fourth-seeded Dallas Mavericks in the second round 4–2, Nash forcing Game 6 into OT with a 3-pointer in the dying seconds. In the Western Conference Finals, the Suns played the San Antonio Spurs who won the series 4–1, ending Phoenix’s outstanding season, partly due to Joe Johnson missing the first two games of the series. Joe Johnson went on to start the remaining games where he averaged 40 minutes per game and 18.3 PPG. The Suns lost the first 2 at home, as well as the following game in San Antonio to fall behind 3–0 in the series, escaping with a win in Game 4 at San Antonio 111–106. The team then lost Game 5 at home 101–95 to be eliminated from the playoffs. Stoudemire averaged a staggering 37.0 ppg, the highest ever by a player in their first Conference Finals.[citation needed]

The 2005–06 NBA season began with Stoudemire undergoing microfracture surgery in his knee on October 18, 2005. He missed all but three games that year. Along with that, promising shooting guard Joe Johnson demanded a Sign and Trade deal to the Atlanta Hawks, in which the Suns got Boris Diaw along with two future first round picks. Other acquisitions this year included Raja Bell and Kurt Thomas. Despite the turnover in players, the Suns were once again able to win the Pacific going 54–28 and capturing the second seed in the Western Conference. Nash was awarded his second consecutive NBA Most Valuable Player Award, becoming the second point-guard (Magic Johnson was the first) to win the award in consecutive seasons times. Also, Diaw was named NBA Most Improved Player.

The Suns began the 2006 Western Conference Playoffs as favorites against the Los Angeles Lakers. After winning Game 1 in Phoenix, they found themselves trailing in the series 3–1 after impressive performances by Laker shooting guard Kobe Bryant. However, the Suns went on to win three straight games. They won Game 5 easily at home. With 7:33 left in the game, Suns guard Raja Bell grabbed Kobe Bryant around the neck and threw him down as the Lakers star drove to the basket. Bell earned a technical foul, his second of the game, and an automatic ejection. The Suns took game 6 in OT, their first OT win all season despite 50 points from Bryant and Bell out serving a one-game suspension (for a flagrant foul against Bryant in Game 5) with last second help from mid-season acquisition Tim Thomas. On their home court, the Suns won Game 7 121–90, eliminating the Lakers for the first time since 1993. The Suns became only the eighth team in NBA history to win a playoff series after being behind 3–1.

In the second round, the Suns faced the Los Angeles Clippers. The series was played closely, with both teams trading games on each others’ courts. The series was 2–2 and The Suns faced a huge deficit in Game 5 but fought back and won in double OT and after a Game 6 loss finally won the series in the decisive seventh game on their home court at US Airways Center, winning by a margin of 20 with an NBA record 15 3-point FG’s May 22, 2006.

They went on to play the Dallas Mavericks in the Western Conference Finals. Underdogs this time, The Suns took Game 1 in Dallas by a single point and their May 30 victory in Game 4 marked the most wins thus far for the franchise in a Conference Finals series since the 1993 season. Many credit this success (despite losing Stoudemire) to the emergence of Diaw, Bell (out for two games of the series due to injury), and Barbosa as clutch playoff performers; and an overall team depth they did not possess at all last season. The Suns fought hard in Games 5 and 6 but clearly were no match as they were blown out by a combined 25 points and eliminated from the series on June 3, 2006 in Game 6. It was yet another disappointing end for the Suns.

In the 2006 off-season, the Suns signed Minnesota Timberwolves PG Marcus Banks to a five-year contract worth $21.3 million. Also, the Suns signed G Leandro Barbosa to a five-year contract extension beginning in the 2007–08 season worth approximately $33 million. Diaw was also extended to a five year deal worth approximately $45 million.
Further information: 2006-07 Phoenix Suns season

The Phoenix Suns finished second in the Western Conference. They defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round, but lost to the San Antonio Spurs in the Conference Semi-Finals.

On June 6, former TNT analyst and NBA three-point specialist, Steve Kerr, was appointed Suns’ General Manager and President of Basketball Operations. Kerr is also a part of the Sarver-led investment group that purchased the franchise from Jerry Colangelo.[citation needed]

On June 28, 2007, Spanish SG Rudy Fernández was taken 24th overall in the 2007 NBA Draft by the Suns, who subsequently traded the rights to the pick to the Portland Trail Blazers for cash. SF Alando Tucker of Wisconsin was taken with the 29th pick.

On July 11, 2007, the Suns signed former Orlando Magic SF Grant Hill on a 1-year $1.8 million deal with a player option for a second season at $2 million.

On July 20, 2007, the Suns traded power forward/center Kurt Thomas and two future first-round picks (2008 and 2010) to the Seattle SuperSonics in exchange for a trade exception of $8 million and a conditional second-round pick.

On February 6, 2008, the Suns traded four-time All-Star forward Shawn Marion, along with Marcus Banks, to the Miami Heat for Shaquille O’Neal.

On March 4, 2008, the Suns signed guard Gordan Giriček.

On May 11, 2008, after the Suns lost to the San Antonio Spurs 4–1 in the first round of the 2008 Western Conference Playoffs, Suns Head Coach Mike D’Antoni signed with the New York Knicks, replacing ousted Head Coach Isiah Thomas, who went 56–108 in two seasons with the Knicks.

On June 9, 2008, Terry Porter was named Head Coach of the Phoenix Suns, succeeding Mike D’Antoni. Porter was an Assistant Coach of the Detroit Pistons when he was let go after the Pistons were eliminated by the Boston Celtics in the 2008 NBA Eastern Conference Finals.

During the offseason, the Suns had difficulties signing free agents because of being over the luxury tax. They made attempts to sign a back up point guard, Tyronn Lue, however, he decided to sign with the Bucks for more money. The Suns selected Robin Lopez (15th overall pick out of Stanford University) in the 2008 NBA Draft and acquired Goran Dragic, who was originally picked by the rival San Antonio Spurs.

On December 10, the Suns traded Boris Diaw and Raja Bell to the Charlotte Bobcats in exchange for high-scoring swingman, Jason Richardson, Jared Dudley, and a second-round pick in the 2010 NBA Draft.

On February 15, Shaquille O’Neal was named the 2009 NBA All-Star MVP with former teammate Kobe Bryant. On February 16, the Suns fired Terry Porter and he was succeeded by Alvin Gentry. The Suns are expected to make the transition back to the up-tempo style basketball nicknamed the “7 Seconds or Less” or “Run and Gun style.” On February 18, Alvin Gentry began his head coaching tenure with a 140–100 blowout over the Clippers at home on Tuesday. Six Suns players scored in double digits, led by Leandro Barbosa’s 24 points. The Suns led as much as 50 points during the game and were without their explosive swingman Jason Richardson who was serving a one game suspension. However, this offense cost them their defense, allowing over 107 points per game, 27th in the league. The Suns would score 140 in the next two games. On February 20 Amar’e Stoudemire underwent eye surgery and was out for 8 weeks. Shaquille O’Neal scored 45 points with 11 rebounds on February 27 against Toronto in a 133-113 win. They would win 17-13 with Alvin Gentry in their last 30 games.

At the end of the season the Suns missed the playoffs with a 46–36 record, which is normally enough to get into the playoffs. The offseason brings uncertainty for the Suns, with the possibility of rebuilding the base of the team.

On June 25, 2009, the Suns traded Shaquille O’Neal to the Cleveland Cavaliers, for Ben Wallace and Sasha Pavlović and a pick 2010 NBA Draft.

On July 10, 2009, the Suns re-signed Grant Hill to another two year deal reportedly worth around $6.24 million over 2 years with the second year his option. The Suns also signed first-round draft pick Earl Clark to a four year deal worth $8.72 million dollars with the last 2 years team options.

On July 13, 2009, the Suns bought out Ben Wallace’s contract for $10 million of the $14 million left on the last year of his contract. This move saves the Suns $4 million payroll and $4 million luxury tax if they are a taxpayer again. Also the Suns official announced the signing of free agent Channing Frye, former University of Arizona star, to a two year deal worth approximately $4.07 million over 2 years with the second year his option.

On July 28, 2009, the Suns officially announced that they signed All-Star PG Steve Nash to a 2 year extension worth $22 million dollars.
Season-by-season records
Main article: Phoenix Suns seasons
Logos and uniforms
Logos
New “Rising Phoenix” logo, 2000-

For the 2000–01 season, the Phoenix Suns introduced three new logos. Two of these were merely updates to existing logos, modernizing the themes and adding the gray color. The logo pictured here incorporates the mythical phoenix bird into the existing Suns’ theme. It illustrates the team’s hometown by picturing the bird it was named after rising out a ball with an abbreviation for Phoenix. Of the team’s three logos, this is the one that adorns the hardwood at center court. There is a media dispute over the usage of the logo, as many TV networks use the new one (right), but many video games and websites still use a secondary logo that had been the team’s main logo of the 1990s.
Uniforms

Since their debut, the Suns home uniforms are always white with purple and orange trim. On the road their uniforms are purple with white and orange trim, with accents of black during the 1990s and gray on the current versions. They also had a black alternate uniform during the mid-1990s. On October 20, 2003, an alternate orange uniform was introduced that was to be used at a minimum, five games a year. This uniform is used both at home and on the road, and is always used in playoff road games. At the time, it was the only uniform in the NBA that has an abbreviated version of the city name, Phoenix, across the front chest; since then the Atlanta Hawks donned a similar alternate jersey starting in 2009. For the 2006–2007 season, the Suns removed the uniform number from the side of the shorts, replacing it with the same sun logo that is found on the other side.
Suns mascots
The Suns Gorilla

For the first eleven seasons of their existence in the NBA, the Suns had no official mascot. An early attempt was made involving a sunflower costume, but it never caught on.[8] In the winter of 1980, a singing telegram (sent by James Oberhaus, a loyal fan) named Henry Rojas from Eastern Onion Telegram service was sent to the arena in a gorilla costume. Security saw him and suggested to him to stay for a while to entertain the fans during the breaks. He kept coming to games until officially invited to be the Suns’ mascot.

Since then, the gorilla, named Go, has been known for his slapstick humor during the games such as his stadium stairs all to the sound of the Rocky Theme, and the fantastic dunks that are performed before each 4th quarter. Also, one of his more beloved skits was at a Knicks home game where he came out to Frank Sinatra’s “New York, New York”, wearing a hat, with several pieces of garbage stuck to his leg. Halfway through the song, a group of “muggers” attacked him, and he staggered off the court afterwards. The gorilla was honored in 2005 when he was selected to be one of three inaugural members of the Mascots Hall of Fame.[9] According to the Suns’ website, the Gorilla graduated from “Hairy Truman” High School in “Mon-key West, Florida”, and “Fur-Man University” in 1980.[10]
Hairy and Hairyson

In 2002, an inflatable gorilla named Hairy was introduced as a new Suns mascot. Standing at 9′1″, Hairy entertains the crowd during breaks by dancing with Hairyson who was introduced in 2004 and stands at about half the size.[11]
Broadcasting
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Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2007)

The first play by play announcer for the Suns was Bob Vache of KTAR radio, who died in an automobile accident midway through the 1969–70 season. Vache was replaced by the Suns’ color commentator, Rodney “Hot Rod” Hundley, who would later go on to be the longtime voice of the Utah Jazz.[12]

Legendary broadcaster Al McCoy has covered the team ever since the 1971–72 season. McCoy has broadcast Suns games on radio for the 37th consecutive season on KTAR Phoenix (which has carried Suns games for 38 seasons) as of 2006–07. McCoy’s unique, folksy style of calling the games, including his signature catchphrases such as “Shazam!” for a three-point shot, endeared him to thousands of Suns fans across Arizona, the Southwest, and nationwide. McCoy was honored in March 2007 by the Suns, who named their soon-to-be renovated media center at US Airways Center in his honor.[13] McCoy was partnered for many years with legendary coach Cotton Fitzsimmons. In recent years, former NBA players Vinny Del Negro and Tim Kempton served as color commentators on the radio side, with Del Negro working most regular-season home games and all of the playoffs with McCoy (Del Negro later served as an executive in the Suns’ front office and is currently the head coach of the Chicago Bulls).

Until 2003–2004, Al McCoy’s radio broadcast was simulcast on most television broadcasts. Former NBA on CBS broadcaster Gary Bender has handled the cable Fox Sports Net (FSN-Arizona) telecasts since the early 1990s that were not simulcast. Beginning with the 2003–04 season, Tom Leander assumed the reins on over-the-air TV; the games air on MyNetworkTV affiliate KUTP. Former Suns star Dan Majerle, a member of the team’s Ring-of-Honor, became a commentator on television broadcasts in 2004, splitting the color commentator duties with former Suns star Eddie Johnson before joining the Suns coaching staff in 2008.

The FSN Arizona broadcasts have been different from those of NBA teams on other affiliate networks, because the time-and-score graphic does not include an embedded shot clock. Instead, it has only been shown when the clock reaches eight seconds or less, is shown in large print, and is sponsored. Among the sponsors of the clock’s appearances have been Henkel and the Arizona Department of Health Services (under the slogan “Inhale Life”). However, for the 2006–07 season, an embedded clock was added to the KUTP telecasts. On January 19, 2007, an embedded clock was part of the graphic during the FSN Arizona telecast of the team’s victory over the Portland Trail Blazers, but the sponsored shot clock was still also on-screen when the time was expiring. It is unknown if the embedded clock was only a one-night change or will be a permanent feature of Suns broadcasts.

$150 is added to Suns charities through Fulton Homes every time a Suns player makes a three-point basket.
Players
Main article: Phoenix Suns all-time roster
Phoenix Suns’ All-Century Team

The Suns’s All-Century Team was voted on by the fans:

FIRST TEAM

* Guard Kevin Johnson, 1988–2000
* Guard Jason Kidd, 1996–2001
* Forward Charles Barkley, 1992–1996
* Forward Tom Chambers, 1988–1993
* Center Alvan Adams, 1975–1988
* Coach Paul Westphal, 1992–96

SECOND TEAM

* Guard Paul Westphal, 1975–1980
* Guard Dan Majerle, 1988–95, 2001–2002
* Forward Connie Hawkins 1969–1973
* Forward Walter Davis, 1977–1988
* Center Mark West, 1987–94, 1999–2000
* Coach Cotton Fitzsimmons, 1970–1972, 1988–1992 & 1996

40th Anniversary Team
Logo of the 40th anniversary

The 40th Anniversary Suns Team – selected by the vote of the fans through the Internet – was unveiled on January 3, 2008, when the Suns defeated the Seattle SuperSonics, 104–96, to celebrate the team’s 40th season. The Suns’ inaugural game in 1968 was against the Sonics.

* G Dick Van Arsdale
* G Kevin Johnson
* G Steve Nash
* G Walter Davis
* G Paul Westphal
* G/F Dan Majerle
* F Connie Hawkins
* F Tom Chambers
* F Charles Barkley
* F Shawn Marion
* F/C Amar’e Stoudemire
* C Alvan Adams

Basketball Hall of Famers

While no player has yet won induction based solely or primarily upon his tenure with the Suns, two enshrinees spent significant parts of their careers with Phoenix:

* Charles Barkley (1992–1996)
* Connie Hawkins (1969–1973)

One player, enshrined primarily based upon his service with another team, briefly wore the Suns uniform during the middle of his career:

* Gail Goodrich (1968–1970)

One individual was enshrined based upon his service as a Suns coach, executive and owner:

* Jerry Colangelo (1968–2004)

Members of Suns Ring of Honor

* 5 Dick Van Arsdale, G, 1968–77
* 6 Walter Davis, G, 1977–88
* 7 Kevin Johnson, G, 1988–2000
* 9 Dan Majerle, F, 1988–95 & 2001–02
* 24 Tom Chambers, F, 1988–93
* 33 Alvan Adams, C, 1975–88
* 34 Charles Barkley, F, 1992–96
* 42 Connie Hawkins, F, 1969–73
* 44 Paul Westphal, G, 1975–80 & 1983–84; Head Coach, 1992–96
* 832 Cotton Fitzsimmons, Head Coach, 1970–72 & 1988–92 & 1996 (832 is # of coaching wins)
* Jerry Colangelo, first Suns General Manager
* Joe Proski, Suns’ long-time Trainer

Current roster
Phoenix Suns roster
v • d • e
Players Coaches
Pos. ↓ # ↓ Nat. ↓ Name ↓ Ht. ↓ Wt. ↓ From ↓
3.5 F 17 USA United States Amundson, Louis 81 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 238 lb (108 kg) UNLV
1.5 G 10 BRA Brazil Barbosa, Leandro Injured (IN) 75 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 202 lb (92 kg) Brazil
5.0 C 20 USA United States Collins, Jarron 83 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 249 lb (113 kg) Stanford
3.5 F 55 USA United States Clark, Earl 82 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Louisville
1.5 G 2 SLO Slovenia Dragić, Goran Injured 75 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Slovenia
3.5 F 3 USA United States Dudley, Jared 79 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Boston College
5.0 C 8 USA United States Frye, Channing 83 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 245 lb (111 kg) Arizona
3.5 F 32 USA United States Griffin, Taylor 79 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 238 lb (108 kg) Oklahoma
3.5 F 33 USA United States Hill, Grant (C) 80 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Duke
5.0 C 15 USA United States Lopez, Robin 84 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) 255 lb (116 kg) Stanford
1.5 G 13 CAN Canada Nash, Steve (C) 75 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 178 lb (81 kg) Santa Clara
1.5 G 23 USA United States Richardson, Jason 78 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Michigan State
4.5 F/C 1 USA United States Stoudemire, Amar’e (C) 82 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 249 lb (113 kg) Cypress Creek HS (FL)*

Head coach

* United States Alvin Gentry (Appalachian State)

Assistant coach(es)

* United States Bill Cartwright (San Francisco)
* United States Dan Majerle (Central Michigan)
* Serbia Igor Kokoškov (Belgrade)
* United States John Shumate (Notre Dame)

Athletic trainer(s)

* United States Aaron Nelson (Iowa)

Legend

* (C) Team captain
* (DP) Unsigned draft pick
* (FA) Free agent
* (IN) Inactive
* (S) Suspended

* Injured Injured

Roster • Transactions
Last transaction: 2009-09-15
High points
Franchise leaders

* Games – Alvan Adams (988)
* Minutes Played – Alvan Adams (27,203)
* Field Goals Made – Walter Davis (6,497)
* Field Goal Attempts – Walter Davis (12,497)
* Field Goal Percentage – Mark West (.614)*
* 3-Point Field Goals Made – Steve Nash (801)
* Three-Point Field Goal Attempts – Dan Majerle (2,200)
* Three-Point Percentage – Steve Nash (.470)
* Free Throws Made – Kevin Johnson (3,851)
* Free Throws Attempted – Kevin Johnson (4,579)
* Free Throw Percentage – Steve Nash (.933)
* Offensive Rebounds – Alvan Adams (2,015)
* Defensive Rebounds – Shawn Marion (4,927)
* Total Rebounds – Alvan Adams (6,937)
* Assists – Kevin Johnson (6,518)
* Steals – Alvan Adams (1,289)
* Blocked Shots – Larry Nance (940)
* Turnovers – Alvan Adams (2,194)
* Personal Fouls – Alvan Adams (3,214)
* Points – Walter Davis (15,666)

* 150 games minimum

Individual awards

NBA Most Valuable Player Award

* Charles Barkley – 1993
* Steve Nash – 2005, 2006

NBA Rookie of the Year Award

* Alvan Adams – 1976
* Walter Davis – 1978
* Amar’e Stoudemire – 2003

NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award

* Eddie Johnson – 1989
* Danny Manning – 1998
* Rodney Rogers – 2000
* Leandro Barbosa – 2007

NBA Most Improved Player Award

* Kevin Johnson – 1989
* Boris Diaw – 2006

NBA Coach of the Year Award

* Cotton Fitzsimmons – 1989
* Mike D’Antoni – 2005

Best NBA Player ESPY Award

* Charles Barkley – 1994
* Steve Nash – 2005

NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award

* Shaquille O’Neal – 2009

NBA All-Star Weekend Three-Point Shootout

* Quentin Richardson – 2005

NBA All-Star Weekend Skills Challenge

* Steve Nash – 2005
* Steve Nash – 2010

All-NBA First Team

* Connie Hawkins – 1970
* Paul Westphal – 1977, 1979, 1980
* Dennis Johnson – 1981
* Charles Barkley – 1993
* Jason Kidd – 1999, 2000, 2001
* Steve Nash – 2005, 2006, 2007
* Amar’e Stoudemire – 2007

All-NBA Second Team

* Paul Westphal – 1978
* Walter Davis – 1978, 1979
* Kevin Johnson – 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994
* Tom Chambers – 1989, 1990
* Charles Barkley – 1994, 1995
* Amar’e Stoudemire – 2005, 2008
* Steve Nash – 2008

All-NBA Third Team

* Kevin Johnson – 1992
* Charles Barkley – 1996
* Stephon Marbury – 2003
* Shawn Marion – 2005, 2006
* Shaquille O’Neal – 2009

NBA All-Defensive First Team

* Don Buse – 1978, 1979, 1980
* Dennis Johnson – 1981, 1982, 1983
* Jason Kidd – 1999, 2001
* Raja Bell – 2007

NBA All-Defensive Second Team

* Paul Silas – 1971, 1972
* Dick Van Arsdale – 1973
* Dan Majerle – 1991, 1993
* Jason Kidd – 2000
* Clifford Robinson – 2000
* Raja Bell – 2008

NBA All-Rookie First Team

* Gary Gregor – 1969
* Mike Bantom – 1974
* John Shumate – 1976
* Alvan Adams – 1976
* Ron Lee – 1977
* Walter Davis – 1978
* Armon Gilliam – 1988
* Michael Finley – 1996
* Amar’e Stoudemire – 2003

NBA All-Rookie Second Team

* Richard Dumas – 1993
* Wesley Person – 1995
* Shawn Marion – 2000
* Joe Johnson – 2002

Emmy Awards

In October 2008, the Phoenix Suns organization, along with partnered advertising agencies, were honored with 12 Emmy awards by the Rocky Mountain Southwest Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.[14]

The suns won an award in the Advanced Media category for a video on Suns.com during the 2007 NBA Playoffs, Raja Bell Reunion with Teammates, produced by Steven J. Koek. An Emmy was also awarded in 2008 for PlanetOrange.net, the team’s official online fan community. The site was produced by Suns VP of Interactive Services Jeramie McPeek and powered by technology from social media application developer KickApps. McPeek was also awarded for the writing and producing of the virtual locker room site, SunsLockerRoom.com along with Daniel Banks. The Phoenix Suns also created a Twitter Central for their fans called Suns Twackle.
References

General

* Phoenix Gazette, January 22, 1968.
* The Arizona Republic, January 23, 1968.
* “Suns continue ties to Tucson”, Greg Hansen, Arizona Daily Star, April 17, 2004. [1]

Specific

1. ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/playoffs/2009/columns/story?columnist=hollinger_john&page=FranchiseRankings-Intro
2. ^ http://www.nba.com/suns/history/68_69recap.html
3. ^ http://www.nba.com/suns/history/00644119.html
4. ^ “Paxson’s Trey Propels Bulls into NBA history”. NBA.com. http://www.nba.com/history/finals/19921993.html. Retrieved 2007-04-18. 1993 NBA finals
5. ^ “Triple-OT Classic Highlights Boston’s 13th Title”. NBA.com. http://www.nba.com/history/finals/19751976.html. Retrieved 2007-04-18. 1976 NBA Finals
6. ^ “The Good Ol’ Days”. NBA.com. http://www.nba.com/suns/history/00692542.html. Retrieved 2007-04-18. Parade after the Finals
7. ^ “Dan Mejerle”. NBA.com. http://www.nba.com/suns/history/allcentury_majerle.html. Retrieved 2007-04-18. Dan Majerle, fan favorite
8. ^ “The Gorilla”. NBA.com. http://www.nba.com/suns/history/history_gorilla_80.html. Retrieved 2007-05-01. The Gorilla
9. ^ “Gorilla Inducted into Mascot Hall of Fame”. NBA.com. http://www.nba.com/suns/news/gorilla_050816.html. Retrieved 2007-05-01. The Gorilla in the Hall
10. ^ http://www.nba.com/suns/mascot/gorilla_bio.html
11. ^ “Hairy & Hairyson”. NBA.com. http://www.nba.com/suns/mascot/hairy_hairyson.html. Retrieved 2007-05-01. Hairy & Hairyson
12. ^ http://www.nba.com/suns/history/6970_recap.html
13. ^ http://www.nba.com/suns/news/mccoy_release_070302.html
14. ^ Phoenix Suns Press Release on Emmy Awards – October 9, 2008

External links

* Suns.com Official Website
* PlanetOrange.net Official Social network created by the Phoenix Suns
* Phoenix Suns @ Sportsecyclopedia.com
* Phoenix Suns @ Basketball-Reference.com
* Suns Twackle

[show]
v • d • e
Phoenix Suns
Founded in 1968 · Based in Phoenix, Arizona
The Franchise
Franchise · Expansion Draft · History · Draft history · All-time roster · Head coaches · Seasons · Records
Arenas
Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum · US Airways Center
D-League Affiliate
Iowa Energy
Culture & Lore
The Suns Gorilla · 1976 NBA Finals · The Shot ‘Heard’ Round the World · 1993 NBA Finals · 1993 Runner-up Curse · 07 Seconds or Less · Spurs–Suns rivalry
Important Figures
Alvan Adams · Danny Ainge · Charles Barkley · Tom Chambers · Jerry Colangelo · Walter Davis · Connie Hawkins · Kevin Johnson · Dan Majerle · Danny Manning · Shawn Marion · Larry Nance · Steve Nash · Amar’e Stoudemire · Dick Van Arsdale · Paul Westphal · Cotton Fitzsimmons · Jason Kidd
Ring of Honor & Retired Numbers
5 · 6 · 7 · 9 · 24 · 33 · 34 · 42 · 44 · 832 · Jerry Colangelo · Joe Proski
Hall of Famers
Charles Barkley · Jerry Colangelo · Gail Goodrich · Connie Hawkins
Key Personnel
Owner: Robert Sarver · General Manager: Steve Kerr · Head Coach: Alvin Gentry · Voice of the Suns: Al McCoy
Head Coaches
Kerr · Colangelo · Fitzsimmons · van Breda Kolff · Colangelo · MacLeod · Van Arsdale · Wetzel · Fitzsimmons · Westphal · Fitzsimmons · Ainge · Skiles · Johnson · D’Antoni · Porter · Gentry
Western Conference
Championships (2)
1976 · 1993
Pacific Division
Championships (6)
1981 · 1993 · 1995 · 2005 · 2006 · 2007
Media
TV: FS Arizona · KUTP · Radio: KTAR · Announcers: Gary Bender · Tom Leander · Scott Williams · Eddie Johnson · Al McCoy · Tim Kempton
[show]
v • d • e
Phoenix Suns seasons
1968–69 • 1969–70 • 1970–71 • 1971–72 • 1972–73 • 1973–74 • 1974–75 • 1975–76 • 1976–77 • 1977–78 • 1978–79 • 1979–80 • 1980–81 • 1981–82 • 1982–83 • 1983–84 • 1984–85 • 1985–86 • 1986–87 • 1987–88 • 1988–89 • 1989–90 • 1990–91 • 1991–92 • 1992–93 • 1993–94 • 1994–95 • 1995–96 • 1996–97 • 1997–98 • 1998–99 • 1999–00 • 2000–01 • 2001–02 • 2002–03 • 2003–04 • 2004–05 • 2005–06 • 2006–07 • 2007–08 • 2008–09 • 2009–10
[show]
v • d • e
Sports teams based in and around Phoenix
Baseball
MLB: Arizona Diamondbacks • AzL: Arizona League Angels • Arizona League Athletics • Arizona League Brewers • Arizona League Cubs • Arizona League Giants • Arizona League Mariners • Arizona League Padres • Arizona League Rangers • Arizona League Royals • AFL: Phoenix Desert Dogs • Peoria Javelinas • Scottsdale Scorpions • Mesa Solar Sox • Peoria Saguaros • Surprise Rafters
Basketball
NBA: Phoenix Suns • WNBA: Phoenix Mercury • IBL: Arizona Flame • Phoenix Red Rock Raptors • ABA: Phoenix Fury
Football
NFL: Arizona Cardinals • AFL: Arizona Rattlers • WFA: Arizona Assassins • Phoenix Prowlers (resuming in 2011)
Hockey
NHL: Phoenix Coyotes • CHL: Arizona Sundogs
College athletics
Div – I Arizona State University, • Div – II Grand Canyon University
[show]
v • d • e
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Northwest
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Pacific
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Annual events: Draft · Summer League · All-Star Weekend (Game) (MVP) · Celebrity Game · HORSE Competition · Rookie Challenge · Shooting Stars · Skills Challenge · Slam Dunk Contest · Three-Point Shootout · Playoffs · Finals (MVP)
Other: 1998–99 NBA lockout · 50 Greatest Players · Arenas · Awards · Basketball Hall of Fame (Members) · Criticisms and controversies · Current head coaches · Current team rosters · D-League · Dress code · Defunct teams · Europe Live Tour · First overall draft picks · Larry O’Brien Trophy · Midwest Division · NBA champions · NBA Store · NBA TV · Players (Foreign players) · Records (All-Star Game) · Salary Cap · WNBA
Category · Portal · 2009–10 season
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An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor, or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude (or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude) of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.

At the Earth’s surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake’s point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The term epicenter refers to the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.
Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998
Global plate tectonic movement
Contents

* 1 Naturally occurring earthquakes
o 1.1 Earthquake fault types
o 1.2 Earthquakes away from plate boundaries
o 1.3 Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes
o 1.4 Earthquakes and volcanic activity
o 1.5 Earthquake clusters
+ 1.5.1 Aftershocks
+ 1.5.2 Earthquake swarms
+ 1.5.3 Earthquake storms
* 2 Size and frequency of occurrence
* 3 Induced seismicity
* 4 Measuring and locating earthquakes
* 5 Effects/impacts of earthquakes
o 5.1 Shaking and ground rupture
o 5.2 Landslides and avalanches
o 5.3 Fires
o 5.4 Soil liquefaction
o 5.5 Tsunami
o 5.6 Floods
o 5.7 Tidal forces
o 5.8 Human impacts
* 6 Major earthquakes
* 7 Preparation
* 8 History
o 8.1 Pre-Middle Ages
* 9 Earthquakes in culture
o 9.1 Mythology and religion
o 9.2 Popular culture
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 General references
* 13 External links
o 13.1 Educational
o 13.2 Seismological data centers
+ 13.2.1 Europe
+ 13.2.2 Japan
+ 13.2.3 New Zealand
+ 13.2.4 United States
o 13.3 Seismic scales
o 13.4 Scientific information
o 13.5 Miscellaneous

Naturally occurring earthquakes
Fault types

Tectonic earthquakes will occur anywhere within the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. In the case of transform or convergent type plate boundaries, which form the largest fault surfaces on earth, they will move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the boundary that increase the frictional resistance. Most boundaries do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behaviour. Once the boundary has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the Elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake’s total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake’s energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth’s available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth’s deep interior.[1]
Earthquake fault types
Main article: Fault (geology)

There are three main types of fault that may cause an earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of dip and movement on them involves a vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent boundary. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other ; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip.
Earthquakes away from plate boundaries

Where plate boundaries occur within continental lithosphere, deformation is spread out over a much larger area than the plate boundary itself. In the case of the San Andreas fault continental transform, many earthquakes occur away from the plate boundary and are related to strains developed within the broader zone of deformation caused by major irregularities in the fault trace (e.g. the “Big bend” region). The Northridge earthquake was associated with movement on a blind thrust within such a zone. Another example is the strongly oblique convergent plate boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates where it runs through the northwestern part of the Zagros mountains. The deformation associated with this plate boundary is partitioned into nearly pure thrust sense movements perpendicular to the boundary over a wide zone to the southwest and nearly pure strike-slip motion along the Main Recent Fault close to the actual plate boundary itself. This is demonstrated by earthquake focal mechanisms.[2]

All tectonic plates have internal stress fields caused by their interactions with neighbouring plates and sedimentary loading or unloading (e.g. deglaciation). These stresses may be sufficient to cause failure along existing fault planes, giving rise to intraplate earthquakes.[3]
Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes

The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at the ring of fire in depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km are classified as ’shallow-focus’ earthquakes, while those with a focal-depth between 70 and 300 km are commonly termed ‘mid-focus’ or ‘intermediate-depth’ earthquakes. In subduction zones, where older and colder oceanic crust descends beneath another tectonic plate, deep-focus earthquakes may occur at much greater depths (ranging from 300 up to 700 kilometers).[4] These seismically active areas of subduction are known as Wadati-Benioff zones. Deep-focus earthquakes occur at a depth at which the subducted lithosphere should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by olivine undergoing a phase transition into a spinel structure.[5]
Earthquakes and volcanic activity

Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by tectonic faults and the movement of magma in volcanoes. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, like during the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980.[6] Earthquake swarms can serve as markers for the location of the flowing magma throughout the volcanoes. These swarms can be recorded by seismometers and tiltimeters (a device which measures the ground slope) and used as sensors to predict imminent or upcoming eruptions.[7]
Earthquake clusters

Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time.[8] Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors which cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern.[9]
Aftershocks
Main article: Aftershock

An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a foreshock. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced fault plane adjusts to the effects of the main shock.[8]
Earthquake swarms
February 2008 earthquake swarm near Mexicali
Main article: Earthquake swarm

Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period of time. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of aftershocks by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock, therefore none have notable higher magnitudes than the other. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity at Yellowstone National Park.[10]
Earthquake storms
Main article: Earthquake storm

Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or stress redistribution of the previous earthquakes. Similar to aftershocks but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East.[11][12]
Size and frequency of occurrence

Minor earthquakes occur nearly constantly around the world in places like California and Alaska in the U.S., as well as in Guatemala. Chile, Peru, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, the Azores in Portugal, Turkey, New Zealand, Greece, Italy, and Japan, but earthquakes can occur almost anywhere, including New York City, London, and Australia.[13] Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being exponential; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are: an earthquake of 3.7 – 4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7 – 5.5 every 10 years, and an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years.[14] This is an example of the Gutenberg-Richter law.
The Messina earthquake and tsunami took as many as 200,000 lives on December 28, 1908 in Sicily and Calabria.[15]

The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past, but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than an increase in the number of earthquakes. The USGS estimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0-7.9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable.[16] In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, although this is thought likely to be a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend. More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the USGS.[17]

Most of the world’s earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000-km-long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, which for the most part bounds the Pacific Plate.[18][19] Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries, too, such as along the Himalayan Mountains.

With the rapid growth of mega-cities such as Mexico City, Tokyo and Tehran, in areas of high seismic risk, some seismologists are warning that a single quake may claim the lives of up to 3 million people.[20]
Induced seismicity
Main article: Induced seismicity

While most earthquakes are caused by movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates, human activity can also produce earthquakes. Four main activities contribute to this phenomenon: constructing large dams and buildings, drilling and injecting liquid into wells, and by coal mining and oil drilling.[21] Perhaps the best known example is the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China’s Sichuan Province in May; this tremor resulted in 69,227 fatalities and is the 19th deadliest earthquake of all time. The Zipingpu Dam is believed to have fluctuated the pressure of the fault 1,650 feet (503 m) away; this pressure probably increased the power of the earthquake and accelerated the rate of movement for the fault.[22] The greatest earthquake in Australia’s history was also induced by humanity, through coal mining. The city of Newcastle was built over a large sector of coal mining areas. The earthquake was spawned from a fault which reactivated due to the millions of tonnes of rock removed in the mining process.[23]
Measuring and locating earthquakes
Main article: Seismology

Earthquakes can be recorded by seismometers up to great distances, because seismic waves travel through the whole Earth’s interior. The absolute magnitude of a quake is conventionally reported by numbers on the Moment magnitude scale (formerly Richter scale, magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas), whereas the felt magnitude is reported using the modified Mercalli scale (intensity II-XII).

Every tremor produces different types of seismic waves which travel through rock with different velocities: the longitudinal P-waves (shock- or pressure waves), the transverse S-waves (both body waves) and several surface waves (Rayleigh and Love waves). The propagation velocity of the seismic waves ranges from approx. 3 km/s up to 13 km/s, depending on the density and elasticity of the medium. In the Earth’s interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves (approx. relation 1.7 : 1). The differences in travel time from the epicentre to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of quakes and structures within the Earth. Also the depth of the hypocenter can be computed roughly.

In solid rock P-waves travel at about 6 to 7 km per second; the velocity increases within the deep mantle to ~13 km/s. The velocity of S-waves ranges from 2–3 km/s in light sediments and 4–5 km/s in the Earth’s crust up to 7 km/s in the deep mantle. As a consequence, the first waves of a distant earth quake arrive at an observatory via the Earth’s mantle.

Rule of thumb: On the average, the kilometer distance to the earthquake is the number of seconds between the P and S wave times 8 [1]. Slight deviations are caused by inhomogenities of subsurface structure. By such analyses of seismograms the Earth’s core was located in 1913 by Beno Gutenberg.
Effects/impacts of earthquakes
1755 copper engraving depicting Lisbon in ruins and in flames after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which killed an estimated 60,000 people. A tsunami overwhelms the ships in the harbor.

The effects of earthquakes include, but are not limited to, the following:
Shaking and ground rupture

Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from the epicenter, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce wave propagation.[24] The ground-shaking is measured by ground acceleration.

Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the seismic motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and to effects of seismic energy focalization owing to typical geometrical setting of the deposits.

Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth’s surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several metres in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as dams, bridges and nuclear power stations and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.[25]
Landslides and avalanches
Main article: Landslide

Earthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires, can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue.[26]
Fires
Fires of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging electrical power or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. For example, more deaths in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake were caused by fire than by the earthquake itself.[27]
Soil liquefaction
Main article: Soil liquefaction

Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated granular material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. This can be a devastating effect of earthquakes. For example, in the 1964 Alaska earthquake, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves.[28]
Tsunami
The tsunami of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
Main article: Tsunami

Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. In the open ocean the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers, and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers per hour, depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them.[29]

Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more.[29]
Floods
Main article: Flood

A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land.[30] Floods occur usually when the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which then collapse and cause floods.[31]

The terrain below the Sarez Lake in Tajikistan is in danger of catastrophic flood if the landslide dam formed by the earthquake, known as the Usoi Dam, were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly 5 million people.[32]
Tidal forces

Research work has shown a robust correlation between small tidally induced forces and non-volcanic tremor activity.[33][34][35][36]
Human impacts
Damaged infrastructure, one week after the 2007 Peru earthquake

Earthquakes may lead to disease, lack of basic necessities, loss of life, higher insurance premiums, general property damage, road and bridge damage, and collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings. Earthquakes can also precede volcanic eruptions, which cause further problems; for example, substantial crop damage, as in the “Year Without a Summer” (1816).[37]
Major earthquakes
Main article: List of earthquakes
Preparation

In order to determine the likelihood of future seismic activity, geologists and other scientists examine the rock of an area to determine if the rock appears to be “strained”. Studying the faults of an area to study the buildup time it takes for the fault to build up stress sufficient for an earthquake also serves as an effective prediction technique.[38] Measurements of the amount of accumulated strain energy on the fault each year, time passed since the last major temblor, and the energy and power of the last earthquake are made.[38] Together the facts allow scientists to determine how much pressure it takes for the fault to generate an earthquake. Though this method is useful, it has only been implemented on California’s San Andreas Fault.[38]

Today, there are ways to protect and prepare possible sites of earthquakes from severe damage, through the following processes: earthquake engineering, earthquake preparedness, household seismic safety, seismic retrofit (including special fasteners, materials, and techniques), seismic hazard, mitigation of seismic motion, and earthquake prediction. Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of seismic demand on structures and with our recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers, the need of seismic retrofitting is well acknowledged. Prior to the introduction of modern seismic codes in the late 1960s for developed countries (US, Japan etc) and late 1970s for many other parts of the world (Turkey, China etc), [39], many structures were designed without adequate detailing and reinforcement for seismic protection. In view of the imminent problem, various research work has been carried out. Furthermore, state-of-the-art technical guidelines for seismic assessment, retrofit and rehabilitation have been published around the world – such as the ASCE-SEI 41 [40] and the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE)’s guidelines [41].
History
An image from a 1557 book
Pre-Middle Ages

From the lifetime of the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras in the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to “air (vapors) in the cavities of the Earth”.[42] Thales of Miletus, who lived from 625-547 (BCE) was the only documented person who believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water.[42] Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines’ (585-526 BCE) beliefs that short incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic activity. The Greek philosopher Democritus (460-371BCE) blamed water in general for earthquakes.[42] Pliny the Elder called earthquakes “underground thunderstorms”.[42]
Earthquakes in culture
Mythology and religion

In Norse mythology, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggling of the god Loki. When Loki, god of mischief and strife, murdered Baldr, god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. Loki’s wife Sigyn stood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison would drip on Loki’s face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, causing the earth to tremble.[43]

In Greek mythology, Poseidon was the cause and god of earthquakes. When he was in a bad mood, he would strike the ground with a trident, causing this and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people as revenge.[44]

In Japanese mythology, Namazu (鯰) is a giant catfish who causes earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth, and is guarded by the god Kashima who restrains the fish with a stone. When Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.
Popular culture

In modern popular culture, the portrayal of earthquakes is shaped by the memory of great cities laid waste, such as Kobe in 1995 or San Francisco in 1906.[45] Fictional earthquakes tend to strike suddenly and without warning.[45] For this reason, stories about earthquakes generally begin with the disaster and focus on its immediate aftermath, as in Short Walk to Daylight (1972), The Ragged Edge (1968) or Aftershock: Earthquake in New York (1998).[45] A notable example is Heinrich von Kleist’s classic novella, The Earthquake in Chile, which describes the destruction of Santiago in 1647. Haruki Murakami’s short fiction collection, After the Quake, depicts the consequences of the Kobe earthquake of 1995.

The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical “Big One” expected of California’s San Andreas Fault someday, as depicted in the novels Richter 10 (1996) and Goodbye California (1977) among other works.[45] Jacob M. Appel’s widely-anthologized short story, A Comparative Seismology, features a con artist who convinces an elderly woman that an apocalyptic earthquake is imminent.[46] In Pleasure Boating in Lituya Bay, one of the stories in Jim Shepard’s Like You’d Understand, Anyway, the “Big One” leads to an even more devastating tsunami.

In the film 2012 (2009), solar flares (geologically implausibly) affecting the earth’s core caused massive destabilization of the earth’s crust layers. This created destruction planet-wide with earthquakes and tsunamis, forseen by the Mayan culture and myth surrounding the last year noted in the Mesoamerican calendar – 2012.

Contemporary depictions of earthquakes in film are variable in the manner in which they reflect human psychological reactions to the actual trauma that can be caused to directly afflicted families and their loved ones. [47] Disaster mental health response research emphasizes the need to be aware of the different roles of loss of family and key community members, loss of home and familiar surroundings, loss of essential supplies and services to maintain survival. [48][49] Particularly for children, the clear availability of caregiving adults who are able to protect, nourish, and clothe them in the aftermath of the earthquake, and to help them make sense of what has befallen them has been shown to be even more important to their emotional and physical health than the simple giving of provisions.[50] As was observed after other disasters involving destruction and loss of life and their media depictions, such as those of the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks or Hurricane Katrina– and has been recently observed in the 2010 Haiti Earthquake, it is also important not to pathologize the reactions to loss and displacement or disruption of governmental administration and services, but rather to validate these reactions, to support constructive problem-solving and reflection as to how one might improve the conditions of those affected.[51]
See also
Search Wiktionary Look up earthquake in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* Disaster preparedness
* Earthquake engineering
* Earthquake insurance
* Earthquake loss
* Earthquake prediction
* Historical earthquakes
* Intraplate earthquake
* List of earthquakes
* List of all deadly earthquakes since 1900
* List of earthquakes by death toll
* Megathrust earthquake
* Richter magnitude scale
* Seismite
* Seismology
* Seismotectonics
* Submarine earthquake
* Triangle of Life

Notes

1. ^ Spence, William; S. A. Sipkin, G. L. Choy (1989). “Measuring the Size of an Earthquake”. United States Geological Survey. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/topics/measure.php. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
2. ^ Talebian, M. Jackson, J. 2004. A reappraisal of earthquake focal mechanisms and active shortening in the Zagros mountains of Iran. Geophysical Journal International, 156, pages 506-526
3. ^ Noson, Qamar, and Thorsen (1988). Washington State Earthquake Hazards: Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 85.
4. ^ “M7.5 Northern Peru Earthquake of 26 September 2005″ (pdf). USGS. ftp://hazards.cr.usgs.gov/maps/sigeqs/20050926/20050926.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
5. ^ Greene, H. W.; Burnley, P. C. (October 26, 1989). “A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes”. Nature 341: 733–737. doi:10.1038/341733a0.
6. ^ Foxworthy and Hill (1982). Volcanic Eruptions of 1980 at Mount St. Helens, The First 100 Days: USGS Professional Paper 1249.
7. ^ Watson, John; Watson, Kathie (January 7, 1998). “Volcanoes and Earthquakes”. United States Geological Survey. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/volcano.html. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
8. ^ a b “What are Aftershocks, Foreshocks, and Earthquake Clusters?”. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/step/explain.php.
9. ^ “Repeating Earthquakes”. United States Geological Survey. January 29, 2009. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/parkfield/repeat.php. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
10. ^ “Earthquake Swarms at Yellowstone”. USGS. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/yvo/2004/Apr04Swarm.html. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
11. ^ Amos Nur (2000). “Poseidon’s Horses: Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Storms in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean”. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 43–63. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0431. ISSN 0305-4403. http://water.stanford.edu/nur/EndBronzeage.pdf.
12. ^ “Earthquake Storms”. Horizon. 9pm 1 April 2003. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2003/earthquakestorms.shtml. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
13. ^ “Earthquake Hazards Program”. USGS. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
14. ^ Seismicity and earthquake hazard in the UK
15. ^ “Italy’s earthquake history”. BBC News. October 31, 2002.
16. ^ “Common Myths about Earthquakes”. USGS. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/faq.php?categoryID=6&faqID=110. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
17. ^ “Earthquake Facts and Statistics: Are earthquakes increasing?”. USGS. http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
18. ^ “Historic Earthquakes and Earthquake Statistics: Where do earthquakes occur?”. USGS. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/faq.php?categoryID=11&faqID=95. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
19. ^ “Visual Glossary – Ring of Fire”. USGS. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/glossary.php?termID=150. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
20. ^ “Global urban seismic risk”. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science.
21. ^ Madrigal, Alexis (4 June 2008). “Top 5 Ways to Cause a Man-Made Earthquake”. Wired News (CondéNet). http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/06/top-5-ways-that.html. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
22. ^ “How Humans Can Trigger Earthquakes”. National Geographic. February 10, 2009. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/02/photogalleries/humans-cause-earthquakes/photo2.html. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
23. ^ Brendan Trembath (January 9, 2007). “Researcher claims mining triggered 1989 Newcastle earthquake”. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2007/s1823833.htm. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
24. ^ On Shaky Ground, Association of Bay Area Governments, San Francisco, reports 1995,1998 (updated 2003)
25. ^ Guidelines for evaluating the hazard of surface fault rupture, California Geological Survey
26. ^ “Natural Hazards – Landslides”. USGS. http://www.usgs.gov/hazards/landslides/. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
27. ^ “The Great 1906 San Francisco earthquake of 1906″. USGS. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
28. ^ “Historic Earthquakes -1946 Anchorage Earthquake”. USGS. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1964_03_28.php. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
29. ^ a b Noson, Qamar, and Thorsen (1988). Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 85. Washington State Earthquake Hazards.
30. ^ MSN Encarta Dictionary. Flood. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Archived 2009-10-31.
31. ^ “Notes on Historical Earthquakes”. British Geological Survey. http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
32. ^ “Fresh alert over Tajik flood threat”. BBC News. 2003-08-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3120693.stm. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
33. ^ Thomas, Amanda M.; Bürgmann, Roland; Nadeau, Robert M. (December 24, 2009), “Tremor-tide correlations and near-lithostatic pore pressure on the deep San Andreas fault”, Nature 462: 1048-1051, doi:10.1038/nature08654, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v462/n7276/full/nature08654.html, retrieved December 29, 2009
34. ^ “Gezeitenkräfte: Sonne und Mond lassen Kalifornien erzittern” SPIEGEL online, 29.12.2009
35. ^ Tamrazyan, Gurgen P. (1967), “Tide-forming forces and earthquakes”, ICARUS (Elsevier) 7: 59-65
36. ^ Tamrazyan, Gurgen P. (1968), “Principal Regularities in the Distribution of Major Earthquakes Relative to Solar and Lunar Tides and Other Cosmic Forces”, ICARUS (Elsevier) 9: 574-592
37. ^ “Facts about The Year Without a Summer”. National Geographic UK. http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/earth/year_without_summer/facts/index.shtml.
38. ^ a b c Watson, John; Watson, Kathie (October 23, 1997). “Predicting Earthquakes”. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/predict.htm. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
39. ^ NZSEE Bulletin 39(2)-June 2006
40. ^ ASCE-SEI 41
41. ^ NZSEE 2006
42. ^ a b c d “Earthquakes”. Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. 1. Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. 2003. pp. 358–364.
43. ^ Sturluson, Snorri (1220). Prose Edda.
44. ^ Sellers, Paige (1997-03-03). “Poseidon”. Encyclopedia Mythica. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/p/poseidon.html. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
45. ^ a b c d Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 60. ISBN 0–313–31822–0.
46. ^ JM Appel. A Comparative Seismology. Weber Studies (first publication), Volume 18, Number 2.
47. ^ Goenjian, Najarian, Pynoos, Steinberg, Manoukian, Tavosian, Fairbanks (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder in elderly and younger adults after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:895-901.
48. ^ Wang, Gao, Shinfuku, Zhang, Zhao, Shen (2000). Longitudinal Study of Earthquake-Related PTSD in a Randomly Selected Community Sample in North China. Am J Psychiatry, 157(8): 1260 – 1266.
49. ^ Goenjian, Steinberg, Najarian, Fairbanks, Tashjian, Pynoos (2000).Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence. Am J Psychiatry, 157(6): 911 – 895.
50. ^ Coates SW, Schechter D (2004). Preschoolers’ traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives. Disaster Psychiatry Issue. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27(3), 473-489.
51. ^ Schechter DS, Coates SW, First E (2002). Observations of acute reactions of young children and their families to the World Trade Center attacks. Journal of ZERO-TO-THREE: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families, 22(3), 9-13.

General references

* Donald Hyndman, David Hyndman (2009). “Chapter 3: Earthquakes and their causes”. Natural Hazards and Disasters (2nd ed.). Brooks/Cole: Cengage Learning. ISBN 0495316679. http://books.google.com/books?id=8jg5oRWHXmcC&pg=PT54&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q=&f=false.

External links
Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Earthquake
Educational

* How to survive an earthquake – Guide for children and youth
* Guide to earthquakes and plate tectonics
* Earthquakes — an educational booklet by Kaye M. Shedlock & Louis C. Pakiser
* The Severity of an Earthquake
* USGS Earthquake FAQs
* IRIS Seismic Monitor – maps all earthquakes in the past five years.
* Latest Earthquakes in the World – maps all earthquakes in the past week.
* Earthquake Information from the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
* Geo.Mtu.Edu — How to locate an earthquake’s epicenter
* Photos/images of historic earthquakes
* earthquakecountry.info Answers to FAQs about Earthquakes and Earthquake Preparedness
* Interactive guide: Earthquakes – an educational presentation by Guardian Unlimited
* Geowall — an educational 3D presentation system for looking at and understanding earthquake data
* Virtual Earthquake – educational site explaining how epicenters are located and magnitude is determined
* CBC Digital Archives — Canada’s Earthquakes and Tsunamis
* Earthquakes Educational Resources – dmoz
* USGS: Earthquakes for Kids

Seismological data centers
Europe

* International Seismological Centre (ISC)
* European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC)
* Global Seismic Monitor at GFZ Potsdam
* Global Earthquake Report – chart
* Earthquakes in Iceland during the last 48 hours
* Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy
* Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), Central Mediterranean
* Portuguese Meteorological Institute (Seismic activity during the last month)

Japan

* Earthquake Information of Japan, Japan Meteorological Agency
* International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (IISEE)
* Building Research Institute
* Database for the damage of world earthquake, ancient period (3000 BC) to year of 2006- Building Research Institute (Japan) (建築研究所) in Japanese
* Seismic activity in last 7 days – Weathernews Inc., indicated with circled shindo (震度）) scale and its location.
o Weathernews Inc, Global web site

New Zealand

* GeoNet – New Zealand Earthquake Report (latest and recent quakes)

United States

* The U.S. National Earthquake Information Center
* Southern California Earthquake Data Center
* The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
* Broadband Seismic Data Collection Center, San Diego, California (ANZA network)
* Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country An Earthquake Science and Preparedness Handbook produced by SCEC
* Recent earthquakes in California and Nevada
* Seismograms for recent earthquakes via REV, the Rapid Earthquake Viewer
* Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), earthquake database and software
* IRIS Seismic Monitor – world map of recent earthquakes
* SeismoArchives – seismogram archives of significant earthquakes of the world

Seismic scales

* The European Macroseismic Scale

Scientific information

* “Earthquake Magnitudes and the Gutenberg-Richter Law”. SimScience. http://simscience.org/crackling/Advanced/Earthquakes/GutenbergRichter.html. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
* Hiroo Kanamori, Emily E. Brodsky (June 2001). “The Physics of Earthquakes”. Physics Today 54 (6): 34. doi:10.1063/1.1387590. http://www.physicstoday.org/pt/vol-54/iss-6/p34.html.

Miscellaneous

* Reports on China Sichuan earthquake 12/05/2008
* Kashmir Relief & Development Foundation (KRDF)
* PBS NewsHour – Predicting Earthquakes
* USGS – Largest earthquakes in the world since 1900
* The Destruction of Earthquakes – a list of the worst earthquakes ever recorded
* Los Angeles Earthquakes plotted on a Google map
* the EM-DAT International Disaster Database
* Earthquake Newspaper Articles Archive
* Earth-quake.org
* PetQuake.org- official PETSAAF system which relies on strange or atypical animal behavior to predict earthquakes.
* A series of earthquakes in southern Italy – 23 November 1980, Gesualdo
* Recent Quakes WorldWide
* Real-time earthquakes on Google Map, Australia and rest of the world
* Earthquake Information – detailed statistics and integrated with Google Maps and Google Earth
* Kharita – INGV portal for Digital Cartography – Last earthquakes recorded by INGV Italian Network (with Google Maps)
* Kharita – INGV portal for Digital Cartography – Italian Seismicity by region 1981-2006 (with Google Maps)
* Interactive world map, showing recent earthquakes (day/week/month) – Quake-Catcher Network, BOINC

[show]
v • d • e
Topics in geotechnical engineering
Soils
Clay · Silt · Sand · Gravel · Peat · Loam
Soil properties
Hydraulic conductivity · Water content · Void ratio · Bulk density · Thixotropy · Reynolds’ dilatancy · Angle of repose · Cohesion · Porosity · Permeability · Specific storage
Soil mechanics
Effective stress · Pore water pressure · Shear strength · Overburden pressure · Consolidation · Soil compaction · Soil classification · Shear wave · Lateral earth pressure
Geotechnical investigation
Cone penetration test · Standard penetration test · Exploration geophysics · Monitoring well · Borehole
Laboratory tests
Atterberg limits · California bearing ratio · Direct shear test · Hydrometer · Proctor compaction test · R-value · Sieve analysis · Triaxial shear test · Hydraulic conductivity tests · Water content tests
Field tests
Crosshole sonic logging · Nuclear Densometer Test
Foundations
Bearing capacity · Shallow foundation · Deep foundation · Dynamic load testing · Wave equation analysis
Retaining walls
Mechanically stabilized earth · Soil nailing · Tieback · Gabion · Slurry wall
Slope stability
Mass wasting · Landslide · Slope stability analysis
Earthquakes
Soil liquefaction · Response spectrum · Seismic hazard · Ground-structure interaction
Geosynthetics
Geotextile · Geomembranes · Geosynthetic clay liner · Cellular confinement
Instrumentation for Stability Monitoring
Deformation monitoring · Automated Deformation Monitoring

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake”
Categories: Earthquakes | Seismology | Geological hazards | Earthquake engineering
Hidden categories: Wikipedia semi-protected pages

A watermark is a recognizable image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light (or when viewed by reflected light, atop a dark background), caused by thickness variations in the paper.[1] There are two main ways of producing watermarks in paper; the dandy roll process, and the more complex cylinder mould process.

Watermarks vary greatly in their visibility; while some are obvious on casual inspection, others require some study to pick out. Various aids have been developed, such as watermark fluid that wets the paper without damaging it. Watermarks are often used as security features of banknotes, passports, postage stamps and other documents to prevent counterfeiting.

A watermark is very useful in the examination of paper because it can be used for dating, identifying sizes, mill trademarks and locations, and the quality of a paper.

Encoding an identifying code into digitized music, video, picture, or other file is known as a digital watermark.
Contents

* 1 The Dandy Roll Process
* 2 The Cylinder Mould Process
* 3 Watermarks on postage stamps
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

The Dandy Roll Process

A watermark is made by impressing a water-coated metal stamp or dandy roll onto the paper during manufacturing. These watermarks were first introduced in Bologna, Italy in 1282;[2] however the dandy roll was invented in 1826 by John Marshall. Watermarks have been used by papermakers to identify their product, and also on postage stamps, currency, and other government documents to discourage counterfeiting. The invention of the dandy roll revolutionised the watermark process and made it much easier for a company to watermark their paper.

The dandy roll is a light roller covered by material similar to window screen that is embossed with a pattern. Faint lines are made by laid wires that run parallel to the axis of the dandy roll, and the bold lines are made by chain wires that run around the circumference to secure the laid wires to the roll from the outside. Because the chain wires are located on the outside of the laid wires, they have a greater influence on the impression in the pulp, hence their bolder appearance than the laid wire lines.

This embossing is transferred to the pulp fibres, compressing and reducing their thickness in that area. Because the patterned portion of the page is thinner, it transmits more light through and therefore has a lighter appearance than the surrounding paper. If these lines are distinct and parallel, and/or there is a watermark, then the paper is termed laid paper. If the lines appear as a mesh or are indiscernible, and/or there is no watermark, then it is called wove paper. This method is called line drawing watermarks.
The Cylinder Mould Process

Another type of watermark is called the cylinder mould watermark. A shaded watermark, first used in 1848, incorporates tonal depth and creates a greyscale image. Instead of using a wire covering for the dandy roll, the shaded watermark is created by areas of relief on the roll’s own surface. The resulting watermark is generally much clearer and more detailed than those made by the Dandy Roll process, and as such Cylinder Mould Watermark Paper is the preferred type of watermarked paper for banknotes, passports, motor vehicle titles, and other documents where it is an important anti-counterfeiting measure.
Watermarks on postage stamps
Elephant head watermark used on early stamps of India.

In philately, the watermark is a key feature of the stamp, and often constitutes the difference between a common and a rare stamp. The “classic” stamp watermark is a small crown or other national symbol, appearing either once on each stamp or a continuous pattern. Watermarks were nearly universal on stamps in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but generally fell out of use and are not commonly used on modern issues.

Some types of embossing, such as that used to make the “cross on oval” design on early stamps of Switzerland, resemble a watermark in that the paper is thinner, but can be distinguished by having sharper edges than is usual for a normal watermark.
See also

* Allan H. Stevenson
* Audio watermark detection
* Digital watermarking
* Thomas Harry Saunders

References

1. ^ Biermann, Christopher J. (1996). “7″. Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking (2 ed.). San Diego, California, USA: Academic Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-12-097362-6.
2. ^ Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design (Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. pp. 58. ISBN 978-0471291985.

External links
Search Wiktionary Look up Watermark in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Watermarks in databases and other Watermark projects:

* Watermarks of the Middle Ages (in German)
* Briquet online (in French)
* Piccard online (English)
* Watermark Database of the Dutch University Institute for Art History
* Bernstein The Memory of Paper, Watermark Database

Bibliography on watermarks and papers in Greek manuscripts:

* http://abacus.bates.edu/Faculty/wmarchive/Bibliography.html

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermark”
Categories: Philatelic terminology | Postal system | Money forgery | Papermaking | Watermarking | Stationery | Banknotes | Philately

A blizzard is a severe storm condition characterized by low temperatures, strong winds, and heavy snow. By definition, the difference between blizzard and a snowstorm is the strength of the wind. Ground blizzards are a variation on the traditional blizzard, in that ground blizzards require high winds to stir up snow that has already fallen, rather than fresh snowfall. Regardless of the variety of blizzard, they can bring near-whiteout conditions, which restrict visibility to near zero. Blizzards have a negative impact on local economies and for days at a time can paralyze regions where snowfall is unusual or rare.
Contents

* 1 Definition
* 2 Whiteout
* 3 Economic impact of blizzards
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

Definition
Blowing snow reduces visibility to several feet. The outline of a utility pole is barely visible in the background.
Blizzard conditions

In the United States, the National Weather Service defines a blizzard as sustained winds or frequent gusts reaching or exceeding 35 mph (56 km/h) which lead to blowing snow and cause visibilities of ¼ mile (or 400 m) or less, lasting for at least 3 hours. Temperature is not taken into consideration when issuing a blizzard warning, but the nature of these storms is such that cold air is often present when the other criteria are met.[1] Temperatures are generally below 32 °F (0 °C).

According to Environment Canada, a winter storm must have winds of 40 km/h (25 mph) or more, have snow or blowing snow, visibility less than 500 feet (150 m), a wind chill of less than −25 °C (−15 °F), and all of these conditions must last for 3 hours or more before the storm can be properly called a blizzard.

Many European countries, such as the UK, have a lower threshold: the Met Office defines a blizzard as “moderate or heavy snow” combined with a mean wind speed of 30 mph (48 km/h) and visibility below 650 feet (200 m).

Meteorologists refer to blizzard-like conditions with no snow falling as a ground blizzard, because all the snow is already present at the surface of the earth and is simply being blown by high winds. Ground blizzards require large expanses of open and relatively flat land with a sufficient amount of accumulated and loosely packed, powdery snow to be blown around.

The word “blizzard” was first used in Estherville, Iowa to describe winter storms that snowbound people for extended periods of time.[2]
Whiteout
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

Although the word is commonly used to describe heavy snow and high winds, this is not a true “whiteout.” Real “whiteouts” occur mostly in the Arctic and Antarctic during the spring, when snow is still deep on the ground and there is lots of daylight and surprisingly calm weather and excellent visibility. Whiteouts occur when rays of sunlight are bounced in all directions between bright white clouds, especially a thin layer of overcast, and bright snow or ice. Clean snow and ice reflects nearly 85% of incoming light. Falling snowflakes, suspended fog droplets or ice particles in the air would make conditions even worse. In a true whiteout, neither shadows, nearby objects, landmarks, nor clouds are discernible. All sense of direction, depth perception and even balance may be lost. Land and sky seem to blend, and the horizon disappears into a white nothingness. Whiteouts trick pilots and travelers into believing down is up and far is near.
Economic impact of blizzards

Like all severe weather events such as hurricanes, droughts and floods, blizzards can be disruptive to local economies and likely have a significant impact on society. This is especially the case when blizzards hit in localities in generally warmer climates where snowfall is infrequent. In cities that do not have snow removal equipment, traffic and commerce can be brought to a standstill for days and in some cases weeks. The economic impacts include lost productivity because people cannot get to work or parents must stay home with children due to school closings, airport closures, product delivery delays and the cost of snow removal.[3]
See also

* Second North American blizzard of 2010
* First North American blizzard of 2010
* Blizzard of ‘77
* Great Blizzard of 1888
* Blizzard of 1947
* Blizzard of 1978
* Halloween Blizzard
* Lake effect blizzard
* Saskatchewan blizzard of 2007
* Schoolhouse Blizzard
* Nor’easter
* 1993 Storm of the Century

References

1. ^ NOAA – National Weather Service
2. ^ http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20100102/NEWS/1020327/1001/NEWS/Librarian–Blizzard-born-in-Estherville-not-spencer
3. ^ [1]

External links
Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Blizzard

* Dr Richard Wild Website dedicated to the history, news and facts about heavy snow and blizzards.
* Digital Snow Museum Photos of historic blizzards and snowstorms.
* Blizzards Photo Gallery
* Environment Canada’s definition of Blizzard
* Farmers Almanac List of Worst Blizzards in the United States
* Severe Winter Weather Events Excerpts from The Canadian Weather Trivia Calendar
* http://www.ussartf.org/blizzards.htm
* http://content.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4912

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard”
Categories: Weather hazards | Storm | Snow or ice weather phenomena | Blizzards
Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from December 2009 | All articles needing additional references

The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States, in the Silicon Valley. The university was founded in 1891 by Leland Stanford. Its alumni have founded the companies Hewlett-Packard, Electronic Arts, Sun Microsystems, Nvidia, Yahoo!, Cisco Systems, Silicon Graphics, and Google.

Stanford enrolls approximately 6,800 undergraduate and 8,300 graduate students from the United States and around the world. The university is divided into a number of schools, including the Stanford Business School, Stanford Law School, Stanford School of Medicine, and Stanford School of Engineering.

Stanford is ranked second among world universities by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, and its undergraduate program is currently ranked fourth in the nation by U.S. News & World Report.

The university’s assets include a US$12.6 billion endowment, the third largest of any academic institution.

Stanford’s athletic program has won the NACDA Directors’ Cup each of the past fifteen years. One of two private universities to compete in the Pacific-10 Conference, Stanford maintains its main athletic rivalry with Cal.
Contents

* 1 History
o 1.1 Origins
+ 1.1.1 Coeducation
+ 1.1.2 Early finances
o 1.2 20th century
+ 1.2.1 Football
+ 1.2.2 Hoover Institution
o 1.3 Post 1945
+ 1.3.1 Biology
+ 1.3.2 High tech
+ 1.3.3 Physics
* 2 Campus
o 2.1 Landmarks
o 2.2 Faculty residences
o 2.3 Non-main campus
o 2.4 Sustainability at Stanford
* 3 Administration and organization
* 4 Academics
o 4.1 Research centers and institutes
o 4.2 Libraries and digital resources
o 4.3 Student body
o 4.4 Rankings
o 4.5 Arts
* 5 Endowment and fundraising
* 6 Student life
o 6.1 Dormitories and student housing
o 6.2 Traditions
o 6.3 Greek life
o 6.4 Student groups
* 7 Athletics
* 8 Notable alumni, faculty, and staff
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
o 10.1 Viewing
* 11 External links

History
Origins

Stanford was founded by Leland Stanford, a railroad magnate, United States Senator, and former California Governor, and his wife, Jane Stanford. It is named in honor of their only child, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died in 1884 just before his 16th birthday. His parents decided to dedicate a university to their only son, and Leland Stanford told his wife, “The children of California shall be our children.”

Senator and Mrs. Stanford visited Harvard’s President Eliot and asked how much it would cost to duplicate Harvard in Palo Alto. Eliot replied that he supposed $15 million would be enough. However, the Stanfords were gracefully rebuffed in securing A.D. White, the president of Cornell University, as Stanford’s founding president.[7][8] Instead, White recommended David Starr Jordan, White’s former student and the president of Indiana University. He was their eventual choice to direct Stanford, although they had offered leaders of the Ivy League twice his salary.[9]

Locals and members of the university community are known to refer to the school as The Farm, a nod to the fact that the university is located on the former site of Leland Stanford’s horse farm.

The motto of Stanford University, selected by President Jordan, is “Die Luft der Freiheit weht.” Translated from the German, this quotation from Ulrich von Hutten means “The wind of freedom blows.” The motto was controversial during World War I, when anything in German was suspect; at that time the university disavowed that this motto was official.[10]

The university’s founding grant was written on November 11, 1885, and accepted by the first Board of Trustees on November 14. The cornerstone was laid on May 14, 1887, and after six years of planning and building, the university officially opened on October 1, 1891, to 559 students and 15 faculty members, seven of them from Cornell[11]. When the school opened, students were not charged for tuition, a program which lasted into the 1930s [12]. Among the first class of students was a young future president Herbert Hoover, who would claim to be the first student ever at Stanford, by virtue of having been the first person in the first class to sleep in the dormitory.[13]

The original ‘inner quad’ buildings (1887–91) were designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Francis A. Walker, Charles Allerton Coolidge, and Leland Stanford himself.
Coeducation

The school was established as a coeducational institution. However, Jane Stanford soon put a policy in place limiting female enrollment to 500 students because of the large number of women students enrolling. She did not want the school to become “the Vassar of the West” because she felt that would not be an appropriate memorial for her son. In 1933 the policy was modified to specify an undergraduate male:female ratio of 3:1.[14] The “Stanford ratio” of 3:1 remained in place until the early 1960s. By the late 1960s the “ratio” was about 2:1 for undergraduates, but much more skewed at the graduate level, except in the humanities. As of 2005, undergraduate enrollment is split nearly evenly between the sexes, but males outnumber females about 2:1 at the graduate level.[15][16]
Early finances

When Senator Stanford died in 1893, the continued existence of the university was in jeopardy. A $15 million government lawsuit against Senator Stanford’s estate, combined with the Panic of 1893, made it extremely difficult to meet expenses. Most of the Board of Trustees advised a temporary closing until finances could be sorted out. However, Jane Stanford insisted that the university remain in operation. Faced with the possibility of financial ruin for the University she took charge of financial, administrative, and development matters at the university 1893-1905; from her experience as a mother and housewife, she ran the institution as a household. For the next several years, she paid salaries out of her personal resources, even pawning her jewelry to keep the university going. When the lawsuit was finally dropped in 1895, a university holiday was declared.[17][18]

Edward Alsworth Ross gained fame as a founding father of American sociology; in 1900 Jane Stanford fired him for radicalism and racism, unleashing a major academic freedom case.[19]

Jane Stanford’s actions were sometimes eccentric. In 1897, she directed the board of trustees “that the students be taught that everyone born on earth has a soul germ, and that on its development depends much in life here and everything in Life Eternal”.[20] She forbade students from sketching nude models in life-drawing class, banned automobiles from campus, and did not allow a hospital to be constructed so that people would not form an impression that Stanford was unhealthy. Between 1899 and 1905, she spent $3 million on a grand construction scheme building lavish memorials to the Stanford family, while university faculty and self-supporting students were living in poverty.[20]
20th century
The ruins of Stanford Library after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroyed parts of the Main Quad (including the original iteration of Memorial Church) as well as the gate that first marked the entrance of the school; rebuilding on a somewhat less grandiose scale began immediately.
Football

From 1906 to 1919, in response to the crisis caused by numerous injuries, intercollegiate football was in jeopardy. While some colleges dropped football entirely, a few, such as the University of California and Stanford University, replaced it with English rugby. From 1906 to 1914, the two schools played rugby as their major sport, but they soon found that the objectionable practices they saw in football were introduced into rugby. Finally, when the football rules were changed, a move developed to return to football, reviving intercollegiate sports and enabling students and alumni to identify with football, an American sport.[21]
Hoover Institution

The Hoover Institution (full name: the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace) at Stanford was set up by Herbert C. Hoover, one of Stanford’s first graduates. He had been in charge of American relief efforts in Europe after World War I before his election as president of the United States in 1928. Hoover’s express purpose was to collect the records of contemporary history as it was happening. Hoover’s helpers frequently risked their lives to rescue documentary and rare printed material, especially from countries under Nazi or Communist rule. Their many successes included the papers of Rosa Luxembourg, the Goebbels diaries, and the records of the Russian secret police in Paris. Research institutes were also set up under Hoover’s influence, though inevitably there were to be clashes between the moving force, Hoover, and the host university. In 1960, W. Glenn Campbell was appointed director and substantial budget increases soon led to corresponding increases in acquisitions and related research projects. Despite student unrest in the 1960s, the institution continued to thrive and develop closer relations with Stanford. In particular, the Chinese and Russian collections grew considerably. The Institute increasingly became a conservative think tank, with ties to Washington, especially since 1980. It continues as an integral component of the University.[22]
Post 1945
Biology

The biological sciences department evolved rapidly from 1946 to 1972 as its research focus changed, due to the Cold War and other historically significant conditions external to academia. Stanford science went through three phases of experimental direction during that time. In the early 1950s the department remained fixed in the classical independent and self-directed research mode, shunning interdisciplinary collaboration and excessive government funding. Between the 1950s and mid-1960s biological research shifted focus to the molecular level. Then, from the late 1960s onward, Stanford’s goal became applying research and findings toward humanistic ends. Each phase was preempted by larger social issues, such as the escalation of the Cold War, the launch of Sputnik, and public concern over medical abuses.[23]
High tech

A powerful sense of regional solidarity accompanied the rise of Silicon Valley. From the 1890s, the university’s leaders saw its mission as service to the West and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster-like attempts to build self-sufficient indigenous local industry. Thus, regionalism helped align Stanford’s interests with those of the area’s high-tech firms for the first fifty years of Silicon Valley’s development. The distinctive regional ethos of the West during the first half of the 20th century is an ingredient of Silicon Valley’s already prepared environment, an ingredient that would-be replicators ignore at their peril.[24]

During the 1940s and 1950s, Frederick Terman, as dean of engineering and provost, encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. He is credited with nurturing Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, and other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford campus. Terman is often called “the father of Silicon Valley.”[25]
Physics

In 1962-70 negotiations took place between the Cambridge Electron Accelerator Laboratory (shared by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and the US Atomic Energy Commission over the proposed 1970 construction of the Stanford Positron Electron Asymmetric Ring (SPEAR). It would be the first US electron-positron colliding beam storage ring. Paris (2001) explores the competition and cooperation between the two university laboratories and presents diagrams of the proposed facilities, charts detailing location factors, and the parameters of different project proposals between 1967 and 1970. Several rings were built in Europe during the five years that it took to obtain funding for the project, but the extensive project revisions resulted in a superior design that was quickly constructed and paved the way for Nobel Prizes in 1976 for Burton Richter and in 1995 for Martin Perl.[26] During 1955-85, solid state technology research and development at Stanford University followed three waves of industrial innovation made possible by support from private corporations, mainly Bell Telephone Laboratories, Shockley Semiconductor, Fairfield Semiconductor, and Xerox PARC. In 1969 the Stanford Research Institute operated one of the four original nodes that comprised ARPANET, predecessor to the Internet.[27]
Campus
An aerial photograph of the Stanford University campus

Stanford University is located on an 8,180-acre (3,310 ha)[6] campus on the San Francisco Peninsula, in the northwest part of the Santa Clara Valley (Silicon Valley) approximately 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Jose. The main campus is adjacent to the city of Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, and Sand Hill Road. The university also operates the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California, in Monterey Bay.

Stanford University owns 8,183 acres (3,312 ha), which makes it the second largest university in the world in terms of contiguous area.[28] Moscow State University is built vertically and has a larger total floor area but occupies a smaller piece of land. Berry College, near Rome, Georgia occupies 28,000 acres (11,000 ha) of contiguous land, and Paul Smith’s College occupies 14,200 acres (5,700 ha) of land in the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York, but neither is a university. Duke University occupies 8,709 acres (3,524 ha), but they are not contiguous.[29] The United States Air Force Academy has a contiguous 18,000 acres (7,300 ha) at its disposal, but it is not a university. Dartmouth College, with a large land grant,[30] owns more than 50,000 acres (20,000 ha), but only 269 acres (109 ha) of those are part of the campus.[31][32] Sewanee: The University of the South occupies 13,000 acres in its “Domain”; however, most of this is unused forest.

In the summer of 1886, when the campus was first being planned, Stanford brought the president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Francis Amasa Walker, and prominent Boston landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted westward for consultations. Olmsted worked out the general concept for the campus and its buildings, rejecting a hillside site in favor of the more practical flatlands. Charles Allerton Coolidge then developed this concept in the style of his late mentor, Henry Hobson Richardson, in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, characterized by rectangular stone buildings linked by arcades of half-circle arches. The original campus was also designed in the Spanish-colonial style common to California known as Mission Revival. The red tile roofs and solid sandstone masonry are distinctly Californian in appearance and famously complementary to the bright blue skies common to the region, and most of the subsequently erected buildings have maintained consistent exteriors.

Much of this first construction was destroyed by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, but the university retains the Quad, the old Chemistry Building (which is not in use and has been boarded up since the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake),[33] and Encina Hall (the residence of Herbert Hoover, John Steinbeck, and Anthony Kennedy during their times at Stanford). After the 1989 earthquake inflicted further damage, the university implemented a billion-dollar capital improvement plan to retrofit and renovate older buildings for new, up-to-date uses.

Stanford University is actually its own census-designated place within unincorporated Santa Clara County, although some of the university land is within the city limits of Palo Alto. For many purposes it can be considered a part of the city of Palo Alto; they share the same school district and fire department, although the police forces are separate. The United States Postal Service has assigned Stanford two ZIP codes: 94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P.O. box mail. It lies within area code 650 and campus phone numbers start with 721, 723, 724, 725, 736, 497, or 498.

The physicist Werner Heisenberg was once asked if he knew where Stanford University was located. “I believe it is on the west coast of the United States, not far from San Francisco. There is also another school nearby, and they steal each other’s axes,” he replied, referring to Stanford’s rivalry with the University of California, Berkeley.[34] [35]
Landmarks
Orthographic panorama of the Main Quad, located in the heart of the Stanford University campus.

Contemporary campus landmarks include the Main Quad and Memorial Church, the Cantor Center for Visual Arts and art gallery, the Stanford Mausoleum and the Angel of Grief, Hoover Tower, the Rodin sculpture garden, the Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden, the Arizona Cactus Garden, the Stanford University Arboretum, Green Library and the Dish. Frank Lloyd Wright’s 1937 Hanna-Honeycomb House and the 1919 Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House are both listed on the National Historic Register.
Stanford Memorial Church

Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House

Hoover Tower

The Dish
Faculty residences

One of the benefits of being a Stanford faculty member is the “Faculty Ghetto,” where faculty members can live within walking or biking distance of campus. The Faculty Ghetto is composed of land owned entirely by Stanford. Similar to a condominium, the houses can be bought and sold but the land under the houses is rented on a 99-year lease. Houses in the “Ghetto” appreciate and depreciate, but not as rapidly as overall Silicon Valley values. However, it remains an expensive area in which to own property, and the average price of single-family homes on campus is actually higher than in Palo Alto. Stanford itself enjoys the rapid capital gains of Silicon Valley landowners, although by the terms of its founding the university cannot sell the land.
Non-main campus

On the founding grant but away from the main campus, Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve is a nature reserve owned by the university and used by wildlife biologists for research. Hopkins Marine Station, located in Pacific Grove, California, is a marine biology research center owned by the university since 1892. The university also has its own golf course and a seasonal lake (Lake Lagunita, actually an irrigation reservoir), both home to the endangered California Tiger Salamander. Lake Lagunita is often dry now, but the university has no plans to artificially fill it.[36]
Lake Lagunita in early spring; the Dish is visible in the foothills behind the lake.
Sustainability at Stanford

Stanford offers a free shuttle bus service named Marguerite and offers monetary incentives to its employees for carpooling. The university also has several sustainability initiatives underway. The 21,000 square feet (2,000 m2) Green Dorm currently under construction under the supervision of Professor Gil Masters will house between forty and fifty students, have a net carbon emission of zero, and produce more electricity than the building itself uses.[37] A new environmentally friendly Environment and Energy building is also planned. The Woods Institute also serves to undergird the university’s environmental movement, as a “hub for multidisciplinary environmental research, teaching, and outreach.”[38] Stanford is a member of the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education.[39] The Aspen Institute has ranked the Stanford Graduate School of Business as the number one MBA program for incorporating social and environmental issues into the training of future business leaders, out of 590 schools worldwide.[40] And in 2009, the Sustainable Endowments Institute awarded Stanford University a grade of A- in its annual College Sustainability Report Card, making it one of the top fifteen of the 300 colleges and universities in the U.S. and Canada reviewed. (Climate, energy, and transportation were weak points.)[41][42]
Administration and organization

Stanford University is a tax-exempt corporate trust owned and governed by a privately appointed 35-member Board of Trustees.[43] Trustees serve five-year terms (not more than two consecutive terms) and meet five times annually.[44] The Stanford trustees also oversee the Stanford Research Park, the Stanford Shopping Center, the Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University Medical Center, and many associated medical facilities (including the Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital).[43]

The Board appoints a President to serve as the chief executive officer of the university and prescribe the duties of professors and course of study, manage financial and business affairs, and appoint nine vice presidents.[45] John L. Hennessy was appointed the 10th President of the University in October 2000.[46] The Provost is the chief academic and budget officer, to whom the deans of each of the seven schools report.[47] John Etchemendy was named the 12th Provost in September 2000.[48]

The university is organized into seven schools: School of Humanities and Sciences, School of Engineering, School of Earth Sciences, School of Education, Graduate School of Business, Stanford Law School and the Stanford University School of Medicine.[47] The powers and authority of the faculty are vested in the Academic Council, which is made up of tenure and non-tenure line faculty, research faculty, senior fellows in some policy centers and institutes, the president of the university, and some other academic administrators, but most matters are handled by the Faculty Senate, made up of 55 elected representatives of the faculty.[49]

In 2006, President Hennessy launched the Stanford Challenge, a $4.3 billion fund-raising campaign focusing on three components: multidisciplinary research initiatives, initiatives to improve education, and core support.[50] Stanford raised $832.2 million in private donations from 69,350 donors in 2006–2007, the most of all U.S. universities.[43]

The Associated Students of Stanford University (ASSU) is the student government for Stanford University and all registered students are members.[51] Its elected leadership consists of the Undergraduate Senate elected by the undergraduate students, the Graduate Student Council elected by the graduate students, and the President and Vice President elected as a ticket by the entire student body.[51]
Academics
Walkway near the Quad

Stanford University is a large, highly residential research university with a majority of enrollments coming from graduate and professional students.[52] The full-time, four-year undergraduate program is classified as “more selective” and has an arts and sciences focus with high graduate student coexistence.[52] Stanford University is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.[53] Full-time undergraduate tuition was $36,030 for 2008–2009.[54][55]
Research centers and institutes
View of Hoover Tower from Main Quad.

Other Stanford-affiliated institutions include the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (originally the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) and the Stanford Research Institute, a now independent institution which originated at the university, in addition to the Stanford Humanities Center.

Stanford also houses the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, a major public policy think tank[dubious – discuss] that attracts visiting scholars from around the world, and the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, which is dedicated to the more specific study of international relations. Unable to locate a copy in any of its libraries, the Soviet Union was obliged to ask the Hoover Institution for a microfilm copy of its original edition of the first issue of Pravda (dated March 5, 1917).[56]

The Stanford Center, an intensive language training institute, was originally established at National Taiwan University (NTU) to fulfill Stanford’s needs in training graduate students in Mandarin Chinese. Later, other prestigious universities joined the board and the institute changed its name to the Inter-University Program (IUP). Today, the IUP has relocated to Beijing, while the original program in Taipei exists as an institute of NTU and is now known as the International Chinese Language Program (ICLP).
Libraries and digital resources

The Stanford University Libraries hold a collection of more than eight million volumes. The main library in the SU library system is Green Library. Meyer Library holds the vast East Asia collection and the student-accessible media resources. Other significant collections include the Lane Medical Library, Terman Engineering Library, Jackson Business Library, Falconer Biology Library, Cubberley Education Library, Branner Earth Sciences Library, Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library, Jonsson Government Documents collection, Crown Law Library, Stanford Auxiliary Library (SAL), SLAC Library, Hoover library, Miller Marine Biology Library at Hopkins Marine Station, Music Library, Library for Aid with Down Syndrome (LADS), and the university’s special collections. There are 20 libraries in all.

Digital libraries and text services include digital image collections, HighWire Press, the Humanities Digital Information Services group, and the Media Microtext Center. Several academic departments and some residences also have their own libraries.

Stanford is a founding and charter member of CENIC, the Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California, the nonprofit organization that provides extremely high-performance Internet-based networking to California’s K-20 research and education community.
Student body
Demographics of student body[54][57][58] Undergraduate Graduate California U.S. Census
African American 10% 3% 6.2% 12.1%
Asian American 23% 13% 12.3% 4.3%
White American 38% 35% 59.8% 65.8%
Hispanic American 12% 5% 35.9% 14.5%
Native American 2.7% <1% 0.7% 0.9%
International student 7% 33% N/A N/A
View from Hoover Tower observation deck of the Quad and surrounding area, facing west

Stanford enrolled 6,532 undergraduate, 1,021 professional, and 10,280 graduate students in 2008.[54] Women comprised 48.9% of undergraduates and 37.6% of professional and graduate students.[54] The freshman retention rate for 2007 was 98.3%, the four-year graduation rate is 79.4%, and the six-year rate is 94.4%.[54] The relatively low four-year graduation rate is a function of the university’s coterminal degree (or “coterm”) program, which allows students to earn a Master’s degree as an extension of their undergraduate program.[59]

Stanford awarded 1,646 undergraduate degrees, 1,984 Master’s degrees, 673 doctoral degrees, and 271 professional degrees in 2008.[54] The most popular Bachelor’s degrees were in the social sciences, interdisciplinary studies, and engineering.

Stanford received 25,299 applications for admissions to the undergraduate program in 2007–2008, admitting 2,400 (9.8%), and enrolling 1,703 (71%), the lowest percentage in the university’s 117-year history.[54][60] 92% of students graduated in the top tenth of their high-school class and the inter-quartile ranges for the SAT were 680–780 for math, 670–760 for writing, and 650–760 for reading.[54]

For the class of 2013, Stanford received 5300 single-choice early action applications and accepted 689 of them, for an early admission rate of approximately 13%. This application season Stanford received more than 30,000 total applications from both the regular and early rounds and expects an overall admission rate of about 7.2%, the lowest rate yet in the university’s history and more than 2% lower than for the class of 2012.

Stanford’s admission process is need-blind for US citizens. The university awarded $75.6 million in financial aid to 2,960 students, an average package of $33,108.[54] Stanford does not require a parental contribution for families with income below $60,000, and families with income below $100,000 currently have tuition charges covered.[54][61]
Rankings

University rankings (overall)
ARWU World[62] 2nd
ARWU North & Latin America[63] 2nd
Times Higher Education[64] 16th
USNWR National University[65] 4th
WM National University[66] 4th

Stanford University’s undergraduate program is ranked fourth among national universities by U.S. News and World Report (USNWR).[67] Stanford is ranked second among world universities and second among universities in the Americas by Academic Ranking of World Universities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,[68] seventeenth among world universities in the THES – QS World University Rankings (subject rankings: social sciences, technology: 3rd, life sciences & biomedicine: 6th, arts & humanities, natural sciences: 8th),[69][70] fourth among national universities by The Washington Monthly,[71] second among “global universities” by Newsweek,[72] and in the first tier among national universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance.[73] The Stanford Law School is ranked third in the nation while its Education School and Business School are both ranked second. Forbes ranked the Stanford Graduate School of Business at the top in its 2009 “Best Business Schools” list.[74] Stanford School of Medicine is currently ranked sixth in research according to U.S. News and World Report. The admission rates for all Stanford schools (undergraduate, graduate, and professional) are amongst the lowest (if not the lowest) in the United States.
Arts
Bronze statues by Auguste Rodin are scattered through the campus, including these Burghers of Calais.
Leland Stanford, Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, 1881, Cantor center.

Stanford University is home to the Cantor Center for Visual Arts museum with 24 galleries, sculpture gardens, terraces, and a courtyard first established in 1891 by Jane and Leland Stanford as a memorial to their only child. Notably, the Center possesses the largest collection of Rodin works outside of Paris, France. There are also a large number of outdoor art installations throughout the campus, primarily sculptures, but some murals as well. The Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden near Roble Hall features handmade wood carvings and “totem poles.”

Stanford has a thriving artistic and musical community. Extracurricular activities include theater groups such as Ram’s Head Theatrical Society and the Stanford Shakespeare Society, award-winning a cappella music groups such as the Mendicants, Counterpoint, the Stanford Fleet Street Singers, Harmonics, Mixed Company, Testimony, Talisman, Everyday People, Raagapella, and a group dedicated to performing the works of Gilbert and Sullivan, the Stanford Savoyards. Beyond these, the music department sponsors many ensembles including five choirs, the Stanford Symphony Orchestra, Stanford Taiko, and the Stanford Wind Ensemble.

Stanford’s dance community is one of the most vibrant in the country, with an active dance division in the Drama Department and over 30 different dance-related student groups, including the Stanford Band’s Dollie dance troupe.

Perhaps most distinctive of all is its social and vintage dance community, cultivated by dance historian Richard Powers and enjoyed by hundreds of students and thousands of alumni. Stanford hosts monthly informal dances (called Jammix) and large quarterly dance events, including Ragtime Ball (fall), the Stanford Viennese Ball (winter), and Big Dance (spring). Stanford also boasts a student-run swing performance troupe called Swingtime and several alumni performance groups, including Decadance and the Academy of Danse Libre.

The creative writing program brings young writers to campus via the Stegner Fellowships and other graduate scholarship programs. This Boy’s Life author Tobias Wolff teaches writing to undergraduates and graduate students. Knight Journalism Fellows are invited to spend a year at the campus taking seminars and courses of their choice. There is also an extracurricular writing and performance group called the Stanford Spoken Word Collective, which also serves as the school’s poetry slam team.

Stanford also hosts various publishing courses for professionals. Stanford Professional Publishing Course, which has been offered on campus since the late 1970s, brings together international publishing professionals to discuss changing business models in magazine and book publishing.
Endowment and fundraising

Stanford was the top fund-raising university in the United States for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2008 with $785 million.[75]

The university’s endowment, managed by the Stanford Management Company, was valued at $17.2 billion in 2008 and had achieved an annualized rate of return of 15.1% since 1998.[43][76] In the economic downturn of January 2009, however, the endowment has dropped 20 to 30 percent.[77] According to the San Francisco Chronicle, “Stanford’s endowment has lost approximately $4 billion to $5 billion, or 20 to 30 percent of its value” since 2008. As a result, all campus units are cutting their budgets by 15 percent in 2009.[78]
Student life
Many students use bicycles to get around the large campus.
Dormitories and student housing

89% of undergraduate students live in on-campus university housing, partially because first-year students are required to live on campus, and because students are guaranteed housing for all four years of their undergraduate careers.[54][79] According to the Stanford Housing Assignments Office, undergraduates live in 80 different houses, including dormitories, co-ops, row houses, fraternities and sororities.[80] At Manzanita Park, 118 mobile homes were installed as “temporary” housing from the late 1960s to 1991, but it is now the site of modern dorms Castano, Kimball, and Lantana.[81] Most student residences are located just outside the campus core, within ten minutes (on foot or bike) of most classrooms and libraries. Some are for freshmen only; others give priority to sophomores, others to both freshmen and sophomores; some are for upperclass students only, and some are open to all four classes. Most residences are co-ed; seven are all-male fraternities, three are all-female sororities, and there is also one all-female non-sorority house, Roth House. In most residences, men and women live on the same floor, but a few dorms are configured for men and women to live on separate floors (single-gender floors), including all Wilbur dorms except for Arroyo and Okada.[82] Beginning in 2009-10, the University’s housing plan anticipates that all freshmen desiring to live in all-freshman dorms will be accommodated. In the 2009-10 year, almost two-thirds of freshmen will be housed in Stern and Wilbur Halls. The one-third who requested four-class housing will be located in other dormitories throughout campus, including Florence Moore (FloMo).[83] In April 2008, Stanford unveiled a new pilot plan to test out gender-neutral housing in five campus residences, allowing males and females to live in the same room. This was after concerted student pressure, as well as the institution of similar policies at peer institutions such as Wesleyan, Oberlin, Clark, Dartmouth, Brown, and UPenn.[84]

Several residences are considered theme houses. The Academic, Language and Culture Houses include EAST (East Asian Studies Theme), Hammarskjöld (International Theme), Haus Mitteleuropa (Central European Theme), La Casa Italiana (Italian Language and Culture), La Maison Francaise (French Language and Culture House), Slavianskii Dom (Slavic/East European Theme House), Storey (Human Biology Theme House), and Yost (Spanish Language and Culture).Cross-Cultural Theme Houses include Casa Zapata (Chicano/Latino Theme in Stern Hall), Muwekma-tah-ruk (American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Theme), Okada (Asian-American Theme in Wilbur Hall), and Ujamaa (Black/African-American Theme in Lagunita Court). Focus Houses include Freshman-Sophomore College (Freshman Focus), Branner Hall (Community Service), Kimball (Arts & Performing Arts), and Toyon (Sophomore Priority).[85]

Another famous style of housing at Stanford is the co-ops. These houses feature cooperative living, where residents and eating associates each contribute work to keep the house running, such as cooking meals or cleaning shared spaces. The co-ops on campus are Chi Theta Chi, Columbae, Enchanted Broccoli Forest (EBF), Hammarskjöld (which is also the International Theme House), Kairos, Terra, and Synergy.[86]

At any time, around 50 percent of the graduate population lives on campus. Now that construction has concluded on the new Munger graduate residence, this percentage has probably increased. First-year graduate students are guaranteed housing.
Traditions
Vintage Stanford University postcard

* Full Moon on the Quad: A student gathering in the Main Quad of the university. Traditionally, seniors exchange kisses with freshmen, although students of all four classes (as well as the occasional graduate student or stranger) have been known to participate. In September 2009 the administration announced that it was canceling that year’s Full Moon festivities out of concern for students’ health and the threat of swine flu.[87]
* Sunday Flicks: A weekly Sunday night film screening in Memorial Auditorium. Usually, students are very loud and crazy during the screenings, and can be seen flying paper airplanes or simply throwing wads of newspaper at each other. Flicks ran into significant financial trouble in 2006 and after an ASSU bail-out became free for all students.
* Steam-tunnelling: The act of exploring the steam tunnels under the Stanford campus.
* Fountain-hopping: The act of running from one fountain on campus to another, or simply leaping/swimming around in any of Stanford’s many fountains (such as the Stanford Claw fountain in White Plaza).
* Big Game events: The events in the week leading up to the Big Game vs. UC Berkeley, including Gaieties (a musical written, composed, produced, and performed by students), The Bearial (in which the Stanford Band performs a funeral-like procession and pierces a stuffed-animal bear on the tip of the Stanford Claw fountain), and an hourly train whistle that counts down the hours until Big Game, orchestrated by the Stanford Axe Committee.
* Primal scream: Performed by stressed students at midnight during Dead Week (the week prior to finals).
* Midnight Breakfast: During Winter quarter dead week, Stanford faculty serves breakfast to students in several locations on campus (you might see a vice-provost refilling orange juice, etc.)
* Viennese Ball: a formal ball with waltzes that was started in the 1970s by students returning from the now-closed Stanford in Vienna overseas program.[88]
* The Stanford Powwow: Organized by the Stanford American Indian Organization and held every Mother’s Day weekend.[89]
* Mausoleum Party: An annual Halloween Party at the Stanford Mausoleum, which contains the corpses of Leland Stanford, Jr. and his parents. A 20-year tradition, the Mausoleum party was on hiatus from 2002 to 2005[90] due to a lack of funding from the alumni,[91] but was revived in 2006. In 2008, it was hosted in Old Union rather than at the actual Mausoleum, because rain prohibited generators from being rented.[92]
* Stanford Charity Fashion Show: A large student-run diversity fashion show showcasing student, local, and international designers that was started in 1991.[93]
* Senior Pub Night: On most Thursdays during the school year, seniors gather at a bar in Palo Alto or San Francisco. The location rotates week to week, and chartered buses are organized to take the seniors safely between the bar and campus.
* Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman: Stanford does not award honorary degrees[94][95], but in 1953 the University created the degree of Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman for individuals who give rare and extraordinary service to the University. The University’s highest honor, the degree is not given at prescribed intervals, but only when appropriate to recognize extraordinary service. Recipients include Herbert Hoover, Bill Hewlett, Dave Packard, Lucile Packard, and John Gardner.[96]
* Birthday Showers: Students get thrown in the shower by their friends at midnight on their birthdays.
* A Capella groups perform in student residences during New Student Orientation and throughout the year. Some of the most notable original songs include those by humor-focused Fleet Street, such as “Everyone Pees in the Shower” and “Pray to the God of Partial Credit.”
* The Game: Is a scavenger hunt put on by dorm staff usually in the spring and summer quarters.

Former campus traditions include the Big Game bonfire on Lake Lagunita (a seasonal lake usually dry in the fall), which is now inactive because of the presence of endangered salamanders in the lake bed.
Greek life

Fraternities and sororities have been active on the Stanford campus since 1891, when the University first opened. In 1944, University President Donald Tresidder banned all Stanford sororities due to extreme competition.[97] However, following Title IX, the Board of Trustees lifted the 33-year ban on sororities in 1977.[98] Stanford is now home to 28 Greek organizations, including 12 sororities and 16 fraternities, representing 13% of undergraduates. In contrast to many universities, nine of the ten housed Greek organizations have houses on University-owned land, the exception being Sigma Chi, which owns its own house on The Row. 5 chapters are members of the African American Fraternal and Sororal Association, 11 chapters are members of the Interfraternity Council, 6 chapters belong to the Intersorority Council, and 6 chapters belong to the Multicultural Greek Council.[99]

* Stanford is home to two unhoused historically NPHC (National Pan-Hellenic Council or “Divine Nine”) sororities (Alpha Kappa Alpha and Delta Sigma Theta) and three unhoused NPHC fraternities (Alpha Phi Alpha, Omega Psi Phi, and Phi Beta Sigma). These fraternities and sororities operate under the AAFSA (African American Fraternal Sororal Association) at Stanford.

* Six historically NPC (National Panhellenic Conference) sororities, three of which are unhoused (Alpha Epsilon Phi, Chi Omega, and Kappa Kappa Gamma) and three of which are housed (Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta, and Pi Beta Phi) call Stanford home. These sororities operate under the Stanford Inter-sorority Council (ISC).

* Eleven historically NIC (North-American Interfraternity Conference) fraternities are also represented at Stanford, including four unhoused frats (Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Delta Tau Delta, and Sigma Phi Epsilon), and seven housed frats (Kappa Alpha, Kappa Sigma, Phi Kappa Psi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Chi, Sigma Nu, and Theta Delta Chi). These fraternities operate under the Stanford Inter-fraternity Council (IFC).

* There are also four unhoused MGC (Multicultural Greek Council) sororities on campus (Alpha Kappa Delta Phi, Lambda Theta Nu, Sigma Psi Zeta, and Sigma Theta Psi), as well as two unhoused MGC fraternities (Gamma Zeta Alpha and Lambda Phi Epsilon).

Student groups

Stanford offers its students the opportunity to engage in over 650 groups.[100] Groups are often, though not always, partially funded by the University via allocations directed by the student government organization, the ASSU. These funds include “special fees,” which are decided by a Spring Quarter vote by the student body. Groups span from Athletic/Recreational, Careers/Pre-professional, Community Service, Ethnic/Cultural, Fraternities/Sororities, Health/Counseling, Media/Publications, Music/Dance/Creative Arts, Political/Social Awareness to Religious/Philosophical.

Groups include:

* The Stanford Daily is actually an independent organization, but it is the daily newspaper serving Stanford University, and it has published since the University was founded in 1892.
* The Stanford Axe Committee is the official guardian of the Stanford Axe as well as keepers of all Stanford Tradition and Lore. They are seen on the field at all of Stanford’s home football games.
* The Stanford Pre-Business Association[101] is the largest business-focused undergraduate organization. It plays an instrumental role in establishing an active link between the industry, alumni, and student communities.
* The Stanford solar car project, where students build a solar-powered car every 2 years and race it in either the North American Solar Challenge or the World Solar Challenge.
* Stanford Astronomical Society organizes viewings of meteor showers, lunar eclipses, and other astronomical events.
* The Stanford Kite Flying Society[102] (founded 2008), a group of undergraduates dedicated to flying kites. Society “meetings” are usually on Wilbur Field when it is windy out.
* The Pilipino American Student Union (PASU), a culture-oriented community service and social activism group. Also integral to PASU is a traditional performing arts arm called Kayumanggi.
* Stanford Finance is a pre-professional organization aimed at mentoring students who want to enter a career in finance, through mentors and internships.
* Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students (BASES) is one of the largest professional organizations in Silicon Valley, with over 5,000 members. Its goal is to support the next generation of entrepreneurs.
* The Stanford Fleet Street Singers is an all-male Acappella group specializing in comedic original compositions, jazz, and Stanford fight songs. Because Fleet Street maintains Stanford songs as a regular part of its performing repertoire, Stanford University used Fleet Street as ambassadors during the University’s centennial celebration and commissioned an album, entitled Up Toward Mountains Higher (1999), of Stanford songs which were sent to alumni around the world.

Athletics
Main article: Stanford Cardinal

Stanford participates in the NCAA’s Division I-A and is a member of the Pacific-10 Conference. It also participates in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation for indoor track (men and women), water polo (men and women), women’s gymnastics, women’s lacrosse, men’s gymnastics, and men’s volleyball. The women’s field hockey team is part of the NorPac Conference.[103] Stanford’s traditional sports rival is the University of California, Berkeley, its neighbor to the north in the East Bay.

Stanford offers 34 varsity sports (18 female, 15 male, one coed), 19 club sports and 37 intramural sports — about 800 students participate in intercollegiate sports. The university offers about 300 athletic scholarships.
The new Stanford Stadium, site of home football games.

The winner of the annual “Big Game” between the Cal and Stanford football teams gains custody of the Stanford Axe. The first “Big Game,” played at Haight Street Park in San Francisco on March 19, 1892, established football on the west coast. Stanford won 14 to 10 in front of 8 thousand spectators. Stanford’s football team played in the first Rose Bowl in 1902. However, the violence of the sport at the time, coupled with the post-game rioting of drunken spectators, led San Francisco to bar further “Big Games” in the city in 1905. In 1906, David Starr Jordan banned football from Stanford. The 1906–1914 “Big Game” contests featured rugby instead of football. Stanford football was resumed in 1919.[104] Stanford won back-to-back Rose Bowls in 1971 and 1972. Stanford has played in 12 Rose Bowls, most recently in 2000. Stanford’s Jim Plunkett won the Heisman Trophy in 1970.

Club sports, while not officially a part of Stanford athletics, are numerous at Stanford. Sports include archery, badminton, cricket, cycling, equestrian, hurling, ice hockey, judo, kayaking, men’s lacrosse, polo, racquetball, rugby union, squash, skiing, taekwondo, tennis, triathlon and Ultimate. The men’s Ultimate team won national championships in 1984 and 2002[105], the women’s Ultimate team in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2007 [106], the women’s rugby team in 1999, 2005, 2006 and 2008. The cycling team won the 2007 Division I USA Cycling Collegiate Road National Championships.

Until 1930, Stanford did not have a “mascot” name for its athletic teams. In that year, the athletic department adopted the name “Indians.” In 1972, “Indians” was dropped after a complaint of racial insensitivity was lodged by Native American students.
The Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band rallies football fans with arrangements of “All Right Now” and other contemporary music.

The Stanford sports teams are now officially referred to as the Stanford Cardinal, referring to the deep red color, not the cardinal bird. Cardinal, and later cardinal and white has been the university’s official color since the 19th century. The Band’s mascot, “The Tree”, has become associated with the school in general. Part of the Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band (LSJUMB), the tree symbol derives from the El Palo Alto redwood tree on the Stanford and City of Palo Alto seals.

Stanford hosts an annual U.S. Open Series tennis tournament, the Bank of the West Classic, at Taube Stadium. Cobb Track, Angell Field, and Avery Stadium Pool are considered world-class athletic facilities. Stanford Stadium hosted Super Bowl XIX on January 20, 1985, featuring the local San Francisco 49ers defeating the Miami Dolphins by a score of 38–16.

Stanford has won the award for the top ranked collegiate athletic program — the NACDA Director’s Cup, formerly known as the Sears Cup — every year for the past fifteen years. The Cup has been offered for sixteen years.

NCAA achievements: Stanford has earned 96 National Collegiate Athletic Association national team titles since its establishment, the second-most by any university, and 421 individual NCAA championships, the most by any university.[107]

Olympic achievements: According to the Stanford Daily, “Stanford has been represented in every summer Olympiad since 1908.”[108] As of 2004, Stanford athletes had won 182 Olympic medals at the summer games; “In fact, in every Olympiad since 1912, Stanford athletes have won at least one and as many as 17 gold medals.”[109] Stanford athletes won 24 medals at the 2008 Summer Games–8 gold, 12 silver and 4 bronze.[110]
Notable alumni, faculty, and staff
Main article: List of Stanford University people

Vinton Cerf, the “father of the Internet”, graduated from Stanford.

Stanford alumni started companies including Hewlett-Packard (William Hewlett and David Packard), Cisco Systems (Sandra Lerner and Leonard Bosack), NVIDIA, SGI, VMware, MIPS Technologies, Yahoo! (Chih-Yuan Yang and David Fillo), Google (Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page), Wipro Technologies, Nike, Gap (Doris Fisher) and Sun Microsystems. The Sun in Sun Microsystems originally stood for “Stanford University Network.”[111][112]

Stanford’s current community of scholars includes:

* 16 Nobel Prize laureates;[4]
* 136 members of the National Academy of Sciences;[4]
* 83 members of National Academy of Engineering;[4]
* 244 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences;[4]
* 19 recipients of the National Medal of Science;[4]
* 2 recipients of the National Medal of Technology;[4]
* 27 members of the National Academy of Education;[4]
* 46 members of American Philosophical Society;[4]
* 4 Pulitzer Prize winners;[4]
* 23 MacArthur Fellows;[4]
* 8 Wolf Foundation Prize winners;[4]
* 6 Koret Foundation Prize winners;[4]
* 3 Presidential Medal of Freedom winners.[4][113]

Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama[114], former U.S. President Herbert Hoover, former U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher, and former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak are alumni.

NFL quarterbacks Jim Plunkett, Trent Edwards and John Elway, NFL receivers Gordon Banks and Ed McCaffrey, NFL Fullback Jon Ritchie, runner Ryan Hall, MLB starting pitcher Mike Mussina, MLB left-fielder Carlos Quentin, Grand Slam winning tennis players John McEnroe (did not graduate) (singles and doubles) and (doubles) Bob and Mike Bryan, professional golfer Tiger Woods (did not graduate), Olympic swimmers Jenny Thompson, Summer Sanders and Pablo Morales, Olympic figure skater Debi Thomas, Olympic water polo players Tony Azevedo and Brenda Villa, Heisman finalist Toby Gerhart, and actress Reese Witherspoon (did not graduate) are alumni.

Actresses Jennifer Connelly and Sigourney Weaver (her alumni status was featured in the 2009 film Avatar), actor Fred Savage, and political commentator Rachel Maddoware prominent graduates.
References

1. ^ a b Casper, Gerhard. “Die Luft der Freiheit weht – On and Off” (1995-10-05).
2. ^ “Stanford University History”. Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/history/begin.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
3. ^ As of August 31, 2009. “Stanford Facts: Finances & Governance”. Stanford University web site. http://www.stanford.edu/about/facts/finances.html. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n “Stanford Facts: Faculty”. Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/about/facts/faculty.html. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
5. ^ a b “Stanford Facts”. Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/facts/chron.html#facultylist. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
6. ^ a b “Virtual Tours : Stanford University”. http://admission.stanford.edu/place/tours.html. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
7. ^ There exists a popular story that a lady in “faded gingham” and a gentleman in a “homespun threadbare suit” went to visit the president of Harvard about making a donation, were rebuffed, and then founded Stanford. “Stanford University History”. Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/history/begin.html#myth.
8. ^ “Dear Uncle Ezra Question #10″. Cornell University. http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=1097125200.
9. ^ Starr, Kevin (1973). “Life Among the Best and Truest: David Starr Jordan and the Founding of Stanford University”. Americans and the California Dream. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 314–315. ISBN 0-19-501644-0.
10. ^ Casper, Gerhard (1995-10-05). “Die Luft der Freiheit weht – On and Off”. Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/pres-provost/president/speeches/951005dieluft.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
11. ^ Cornell/Stanford Connection
12. ^ http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/history/leader.html
13. ^ Dave Revsine, One-sided numbers dominate Saturday’s rivalry games, ESPN.com, November 30, 2006.
14. ^ The Stanford Daily, November 12, 2004
15. ^ “The Undergraduate Program: Stanford University”. http://stanford.edu/about/facts/undergraduate.html.
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17. ^ Edith R. Mirrielees, Stanford: The Story of a Universitiy, (1959), pp. 82-91
18. ^ Roxanne Nilan, “Jane Lathrop Stanford and the Domestication of Stanford University, 1893-1905,” San Jose Studies 1979 5(1): 7-30.
19. ^ James C. Mohr, “Academic Turmoil and Public Opinion: the Ross Case at Stanford,” Pacific Historical Review 1970 39(1): 39-61
20. ^ a b Starr, Kevin (1973). “Life Among the Best and Truest: David Starr Jordan and the Founding of Stanford University”. Americans and the California Dream. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 329. ISBN 0-19-501644-0.
21. ^ Roberta J. Parkm, “From Football to Rugby – and Back, 1906-1919: the University of California-Stanford University Response to the ‘Football Crisis of 1905′”, Journal of Sport History 1984 11(3): 5-40
22. ^ Peter Duignan, “The Library of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. Part 1: Origin and Growth,” Library History 2001 17(1): 3-19; “The Library of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. Part 2: the Campbell Years,” Library History 2001 17(2): 107-118.
23. ^ Eric J.; Vettel, “The Protean Nature of Stanford University’s Biological Sciences, 1946-1972,” Historical Studies in the Physical & Biological Sciences; 2004 35(1): 95-113
24. ^ Stephen B. Adams, “Regionalism in Stanford’s Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley,” Enterprise & Society 2003 4(3): 521-543
25. ^ C. Stewart Gillmor, “Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley” (2004); netvalley.com background
26. ^ Elizabeth Paris, “Lords of the Ring: the Fight to Build the First U.S. Electron-positron Collider,” Historical Studies in the Physical & Biological Sciences 2001 31(2): 355-380
27. ^ Christophe Lécuyer, “What Do Universities Really Owe Industry? The Case of Solid State Electronics at Stanford,” Minerva: a Review of Science, Learning & Policy 2005 43(1): 51-71
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29. ^ “Quick Facts about Duke”. Duke News & Communications. Duke University. http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/resources/quickfacts.html#buildings.
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33. ^ Stanford centennial tour
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35. ^ DelVecchio, Rick (November 18, 2005). “Stanford pranks pique Cal”. San Francisco Chronicle. p. B-1. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2005/11/18/BAGS4FQHIS1.DTL. Retrieved 17 November 2008. “The Cal-Stanford football rivalry, which began in 1892, has produced some memorable mischievous student tricks. Stealing the Axe for Stanford from an armored car (1930) and from a display case (1953). Stenciling bear prints on the side of Stanford’s Hoover Tower (1960). Retaking the Axe for Stanford by ruse (1973). Printing a fake issue of the Daily Cal claiming that Stanford won the 1982 game that ended with “The Play.”"
36. ^ Bea Sanford (4 April 2005). “No plans to fill Lake Lagunita”. The Stanford Daily. http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2005/4/4/noPlansToFillLakeLagunita. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
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39. ^ http://www.aashe.org/membership/members.php
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41. ^ http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2009/schools/stanford-university
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44. ^ “Stanford Bulletin – Board of Trustees”. Stanford University Registrar’s Office. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/registrar/bulletin/4807.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
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49. ^ “Stanford Bulletin – The Academic Council”. Stanford University Registrar’s Office. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/registrar/bulletin/4811.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
50. ^ “The Stanford Challenge: University sets out to address global problems, educate leaders, foster excellence”. Stanford. 2006. http://news-service.stanford.edu/pr/2006/pr-challenge-101106.html. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
51. ^ a b “Stanford Bulletin – Associated Students of Stanford University”. Stanford University Registrar’s Office. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/registrar/bulletin/4813.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
52. ^ a b “Carnegie Classifications – Stanford University”. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/sub.asp?key=748&subkey=16815&start=782. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
53. ^ “Stanford Bulletin – Accreditation”. Stanford University Registrar’s Office. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/registrar/bulletin/4068.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k “Common Data Set”. Stanford University. 2008. http://ucomm.stanford.edu/cds/. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
55. ^ “Stanford Bulletin – Tuition”. Stanford University Registrar’s Office. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/registrar/bulletin/4837.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
56. ^ Cynthia Gorney (1990-05-26). “Gorbachev’s Scholarly Stopover; Stanford’s Hoover Think Tank & The Makings of Soviet History”. The Washington Post: p. C1.
57. ^ “Stanford University Facts – Graduate Program”. Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/about/facts/graduate.html. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
58. ^ See Demographics of California and Demographics of the United States for references.
59. ^ http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/highest-grad-rate
60. ^ “2,400 students from record applicant pool offered admission”. Stanford News Service. March 28, 2008. http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/april2/admission-040208.html. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
61. ^ “Financial Aid – Enchancements for 2008-2009″. Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/finaid/undergrad/how/enhancements.html. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
62. ^ Shanghai Jiao Tong University (2009). “Academic Ranking of World Universities”. Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2009.jsp. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
63. ^ Shanghai Jiao Tong University (2009). “Ranking of North & Latin American Universities”. Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://www.arwu.org/Americas2009.jsp. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
64. ^ The Times (2009). “World University Rankings”. The Times Higher Educational Supplement. http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2009/results. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
65. ^ “National Universities Rankings”. America’s Best Colleges 2009. U.S. News & World Report. 2009. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/national-search. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
66. ^ “The Washington Monthly National University Rankings” (PDF). The Washington Monthly. 2009. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/college_guide/rankings/national_university_rank.php. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
67. ^ “America’s Best Colleges 2009″. U.S. News & World Report. 2009. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_1305_brief.php. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
68. ^ “Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006″. Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2006. http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
69. ^ “World University Rankings”. The Times Higher Educational Supplement. 2006. http://www.thes.co.uk/worldrankings/. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
70. ^ “Top 200 World Universities”. The Times Higher Education Supplement. 2009. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=438. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
71. ^ “The Washington Monthly College Rankings”. The Washington Monthly. 2009. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/college_guide/rankings/national_university_rank.php. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
72. ^ “The World’s 100 Most Global Universities”. Newsweek. 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/site/newsweek/. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
73. ^ “The Top American Research Universities: 2007 Annual Report” (PDF). 2007. http://mup.asu.edu/research2007.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
74. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (2009-08-05). “The Best Business Schools”. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2009/08/05/best-business-schools-09-leadership-careers-intro.html. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
75. ^ “Top Fund-Raising Institutions, 2007-8″. The Chronicle of Higher Education: p. A16. March 6, 2009.
76. ^ “Endowment Asset Allocation”. Stanford Management Company. http://www.stanfordmanage.org/smc_endowment.html. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
77. ^ “Stanford suspends $1.3 billion in construction projects as endowment plunges”. http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_11540137. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
78. ^ FitzGerald, Tom (2009-02-26). “Stanford athletics cuts 21 posts”. San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Corporation): pp. D-5. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/02/25/SPOR1653KJ.DTL. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
79. ^ http://www.stanford.edu/dept/rde/shs/ugrad/eligibility_09.htm
80. ^ “Stanford Housing – Undergraduate Residences”. Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/resed/Residences/. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
81. ^ [1]
82. ^ http://www.stanford.edu/dept/rde/shs/ugrad/wilbur.htm#junipero
83. ^ “Parents’ Newsletter, Fall 2009 – Golder looks to improve life and learning in the residences”. Stanford University. http://parents.stanford.edu/newsletter/09fall/golder.html. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
84. ^ Xu, Joanna (April 8, 2008). “Gender-neutral housing plan unveiled”. Stanford Daily. http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2008/4/8/genderneutralHousingPlanUnveiled. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
85. ^ “Stanford Undergraduate Residences”. Stanford University. http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:Q1Xvw_n8I54J:www.stanford.edu/dept/resed/Residences/+housing+stanford+slav&hl=en&client=firefox-a&gl=us&strip=1. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
86. ^ “Residential Education – Cooperative Houses”. Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/resed/Staff/StaffResources/StudentMgmt/CoOps.html. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
87. ^ Stanford Daily, Sept. 24, 2009
88. ^ Johnston, Theresa (May 2002). “Strictly Ballroom”. Stanford Magazine (Stanford Alumni Association). http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2002/mayjun/features/vienneseball.html.
89. ^ The 37th Annual Stanford Powwow May 9-11, 2008
90. ^ “A Party to Die For”. Stanford Magazine. Stanford Alumni Association. January/February 2007. http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2007/janfeb/red/mausoleum.html. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
91. ^ http://www.stanforddaily.com/cgi-bin/?p=1018874
92. ^ http://www.stanforddaily.com/cgi-bin/?p=954
93. ^ [charityfashionshow.stanford.edu]
94. ^ Stanford Bulletin: Conferral of Degrees
95. ^ Stanford Bulletin 2008/2009: Conferral of Degrees
96. ^ “Degree of Uncommon Man and Uncommon Woman Award”. Stanford Alumni Association. http://www.stanfordalumni.org/volunteer/assoc/awards/umwa.html.
97. ^ http://chapters.kappakappagamma.org/betaeta/pages/our-chapter.php
98. ^ http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/chiomega/cgi-bin/history.php
99. ^ http://osa.stanford.edu/greek/learn/whatis.htm
100. ^ “Student Organizations”. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/uga/student/organizations/index.html.
101. ^ “SPBA”. http://spba.stanford.edu.
102. ^ “Stanford Kite Flying Society”. http://sites.google.com/site/stanfordkfs/.
103. ^ “NorPac”. i2i Interactive. 2007. http://www.norpacfieldhockey.com/. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
104. ^ Starr, Kevin (1973). “Life Among the Best and Truest: David Starr Jordan and the Founding of Stanford University”. Americans and the California Dream. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 336–338. ISBN 0-19-501644-0.
105. ^ College Open Champions Ultimate Players Association
106. ^ College Women’s Champions Ultimate Players Association
107. ^ NCAA website
108. ^ Cardinal boasts golden history – The Stanford Daily Online
109. ^ Forty-two athletes try living up to Stanford’s Olympic legacy – The Stanford Daily Online
110. ^ Stanford Sets All-Time Record With 25 Olympic Medals
111. ^ “Mr. Scott McNealy”. Sun Microsystems, Inc.. 2005-04-24. http://www.sun.com/products-n-solutions/edu/gelc/bios/scottmcnealy.html. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
112. ^ Jim McGuinness (2007-08-27). “Jim McGuinness’s Weblog”. http://blogs.sun.com/dador/entry/sunw_stanford_university_network_workstation. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
113. ^ Levy, Dawn (2003-07-22). “Edward Teller wins Presidential Medal of Freedom”. p. http://news-service.stanford.edu/pr/03/teller723.html. http://news-service.stanford.edu/pr/03/teller723.html. Retrieved 17 November 2008. “Teller, 95, is the third Stanford scholar to be awarded a Presidential Medal of Freedom. The others are Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman (1988) and former Secretary of State George Shultz (1989).”
114. ^ “The Dish: Stanford alum primed to be Japan’s next premier; multitasking experts juggle media; and much more”. Stanford Report. Stanford News Service. 2009-09-01. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/august31/the-dish-090209.html. Retrieved 2009-10-12.

Further reading

* Ronald N. Bracewell, Trees of Stanford and Environs (Stanford Historical Society, 2005)
* Ken Fenyo, The Stanford Daily 100 Years of Headlines (2003-10-01) ISBN 0974365408
* Jean Fetter, Questions and Admissions: Reflections on 100,000 Admissions Decisions at Stanford (1997-07-01) ISBN 0804731586
* Ricard Joncas, David Neumann, and Paul V. Turner. Stanford University. The Campus Guide. Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Available online.
* Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford, Columbia University Press 1994
* Rebecca S. Lowen, R. S. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford, University of California Press 1997

Viewing

* DVD: Legends of Stanford (2008-09-23) UPC: 182490000514 Amazon entry

External links
San Francisco Bay Area portal
University portal
Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stanford University

* Official website
* Stanford University channel at YouTube
* Stanford at Facebook

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Minnesota is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. The twelfth largest state by area in the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.2 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the “Land of 10,000 Lakes”, the state’s name comes from a Dakota word for “sky-tinted water”. Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.

Nearly sixty percent of Minnesota’s residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area known as the Twin Cities, the center of transportation, business and industry, education and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation. The large majority of residents are of Nordic or German descent, but ethnic diversity has increased in recent decades. Substantial influxes of African, Asian, and Latin American immigrants have joined the descendants of European immigrants and the original Native American inhabitants.

The state is known for its moderate to progressive politics and social policies, civic involvement, and high voter turnout. Minnesota ranks among the healthiest states, and has a highly literate population.
Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Geography
o 2.1 Geology and terrain
o 2.2 Flora and fauna
o 2.3 Climate
o 2.4 Protected lands
* 3 History
* 4 Cities and towns
* 5 Demographics
o 5.1 Population
o 5.2 Race and ancestry
o 5.3 Religion
* 6 Economy
o 6.1 Industry and commerce
o 6.2 Energy use and production
o 6.3 State taxes
* 7 Culture
o 7.1 Fine and performing arts
o 7.2 Literature
o 7.3 Entertainment
o 7.4 Popular culture
* 8 Health
* 9 Education
* 10 Transportation
* 11 Law and government
o 11.1 Executive
o 11.2 Legislature
o 11.3 Judiciary
o 11.4 Regional
o 11.5 Federal
* 12 Politics
* 13 Media
* 14 Sports and recreation
o 14.1 Organized sports
o 14.2 Outdoor recreation
* 15 State symbols
* 16 See also
* 17 References
* 18 External links

Etymology

The word Minnesota comes from the Dakota name for the Minnesota River: Mnisota. The root mni (also spelled mini or minne) means, “water”. Mnisota can be translated as sky-tinted water or somewhat clouded water.[4][5] Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota.[5] Many locations in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls (“waterfall”), Minneiska (“white water”), Minneota (“much water”), Minnetonka (“big water”), Minnetrista (“crooked water”), and Minneapolis, which is a combination of mni and polis, the Greek word for “city”.[6]
Geography
Minnesota, showing roads and major bodies of water

Minnesota is the northernmost state apart from Alaska; its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods is the only part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th Parallel. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest. The state shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and Wisconsin on the northeast; the remainder of the eastern border is with Wisconsin. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba to the north. With 86,943 square miles (225,181 km²),[7] or approximately 2.25% of the United States,[8] Minnesota is the twelfth-largest state.[9]
Geology and terrain
Main article: Geology of Minnesota
See also: List of lakes in Minnesota and List of Minnesota rivers
Tilted beds of the Middle Precambrian Thompson Formation in Jay Cooke State Park[10]

Minnesota contains some of the oldest rocks found on earth, gneisses some 3.6 billion years old, or 80% as old as the planet.[11][10] About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean; the remains of this volcanic rock formed the Canadian Shield in northeast Minnesota.[10][12] The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1.1 billion years ago, Minnesota’s geological activity has been more subdued, with no volcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, which left behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock.[10]

In more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its current terrain.[10] The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago.[10] These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift.[13] Much of the remainder of the state outside of the northeast has 50 feet (15 m) or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago. Its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River.[10] Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences earthquakes infrequently, and most of them are minor.[14]
Palisade Head on Lake Superior formed from a Precambrian rhyolitic lava flow.[10]

The state’s high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet (701 m), which is only 13 miles (20.9 km) away from the low of 602 feet (183 m) at the shore of Lake Superior.[12][15] Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling peneplain.[10]

Two continental divides meet in the northeastern part of Minnesota in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed. Precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean.[16]

The state’s nickname, The Land of 10,000 Lakes, is no exaggeration; there are 11,842 lakes over 10 acres (.04 km²) in size.[17] The Minnesota portion of Lake Superior is the largest at 962,700 acres (3,896 km²) and deepest (at 1,290 ft (390 m)) body of water in the state.[17] Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for 69,000 miles (111,000 km).[17] The Mississippi River begins its journey from its headwaters at Lake Itasca and crosses the Iowa border 680 miles (1,094 km) downstream.[17] It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling, by the St. Croix River near Hastings, by the Chippewa River at Wabasha, and by many smaller streams. The Red River, in the bed of glacial Lake Agassiz, drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada’s Hudson Bay. Approximately 10.6 million acres (42,900 km²) of wetlands are contained within Minnesota’s borders, the most of any state except Alaska.[18]
Flora and fauna
Main article: Ecology of Minnesota
A groundhog seen in Minneapolis, along the banks of the Mississippi River

Minnesota has four ecological provinces: Prairie Parkland in the southwestern and western parts of the state, the Eastern Broadleaf Forest (Big Woods) in the southeast, extending in a narrowing strip to the northwestern part of the state, where it transitions into Tallgrass Aspen Parkland, and the northern Laurentian Mixed Forest, a transitional forest between the northern boreal forest and broadleaf forests to the south.[19] These northern forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar.
An example of Laurentian Mixed Forest along the St. Croix River in Chisago County

Much of Minnesota’s northern forest underwent logging at some time, leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as in the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400,000 acres (1,600 km²) of unlogged land.[20] Although logging continues, regrowth keeps about one third of the state forested.[21] Nearly all of Minnesota’s prairies and oak savannas have been destroyed or fragmented because of farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development.[22]

While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten, elk, woodland caribou, and bison,[23] others like whitetail deer and bobcat thrive. The state has the nation’s largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska,[24] and supports healthy populations of black bear and moose. Located on the Mississippi Flyway, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks, and game birds such as grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. It is home to birds of prey including the bald eagle, red-tailed hawk, and snowy owl. The lakes teem with sport fish such as walleye, bass, muskellunge, and northern pike, and streams in the southeast are populated by brook, brown, and rainbow trout.
Climate
A springtime view of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus
Main article: Climate of Minnesota

Minnesota endures temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate; with cold winters and hot summers. The record high and low span is 174 degrees (from -60 to 114 degrees) Fahrenheit (span of 96C°; from -51°C to 45°C).[25] Meteorological events include rain, snow, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, derechos, tornadoes, and high-velocity straight-line winds. The growing season varies from 90 days per year in the Iron Range to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River, and mean average temperatures range from 37 °F (2 °C) to 49 °F (9 °C).[26] Average summer dew points range from about 58 °F (14.4 °C) in the south to about 48 °F (8.9 °C) in the north.[26][27] Depending on location, average annual precipitation ranges from 19 in (48.3 cm) to 35 in (88.9 cm), and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.[26]
Protected lands
Pose Lake in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

Minnesota’s first state park, Itasca State Park, was established in 1891, and is the source of the Mississippi River.[28] Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas, 58 state forests covering about four million acres (16,000 km²), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. There are 5.5 million acres (22,000 km²) in the Chippewa and Superior National Forests. The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, which encompasses over a million acres (4,000 km²) and a thousand lakes. To its west is Voyageurs National Park. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MNRRA), is a 72 miles (116 km) long corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic, cultural, and geologic interest.[29]
History
Main article: History of Minnesota
Map of Minnesota Territory 1849–1858

Before European settlement, Minnesota was populated by the Anishinaabe, the Dakota, and other Native Americans. The first Europeans were French fur traders that arrived in the 1600s. Late that century, Ojibwe Indians migrated westward to Minnesota, causing tensions with the Sioux.[30] Explorers such as Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, Father Louis Hennepin, Jonathan Carver, Henry Schoolcraft, and Joseph Nicollet, among others, mapped out the state.

The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became a part of the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War, when the Second Treaty of Paris was signed. Land west of the Mississippi River was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase, although a portion of the Red River Valley was disputed until the Treaty of 1818.[31] In 1805, Zebulon Pike bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825.[32] Its soldiers built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls, the first of the water-powered industries around which the city of Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and tourists had settled near the fort. In 1839, the Army forced them to move downriver, and they settled in the area that became St. Paul.[33] Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3, 1849. Thousands of people had come to build farms and cut timber, and Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858.
Settlers escaping the Dakota War of 1862
Phelps Mill in Otter Tail County

Treaties between European settlers and the Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and on to smaller reservations. As conditions deteriorated for the Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the Dakota War of 1862.[34] The result of the six-week war was the execution of 38 Dakota — the largest mass execution in United States history — and the exile of most of the rest of the Dakota to the Crow Creek Reservation in Nebraska.[31] As many as 800 white settlers died during the war.[35]

Logging and farming were mainstays of Minnesota’s early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls, and logging centers like Marine on St. Croix, Stillwater, and Winona, processed high volumes of lumber. These cities were situated on rivers that were ideal for transportation.[31] Later, Saint Anthony Falls was tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota “patent” flour, which commanded almost double the price of “bakers” or “clear” flour, which it replaced.[36] By 1900, Minnesota mills, led by Pillsbury, Northwestern and the Washburn-Crosby Company (a forerunner of General Mills), were grinding 14.1% of the nation’s grain.[37]

The state’s iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the Vermilion Range and the Mesabi Range in the 1880s, and in the Cuyuna Range in the early 1900s. The ore was shipped by rail to Duluth and Two Harbors, then loaded onto ships and transported eastward over the Great Lakes.[31]

Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 1900s. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota’s economy was hard-hit by the Great Depression, resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. New Deal programs provided some economic turnaround. The Civilian Conservation Corps and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This provided natives a greater voice within the state, and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native languages were no longer suppressed.[32]

After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized with hybridization of corn and wheat, and the use of farm machinery such as tractors and combines became the norm. University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to these developments as part of the Green Revolution.[32] Suburban development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation. Increased mobility, in turn, enabled more specialized jobs.[32]

Minnesota became a center of technology after the war. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the United States Navy. It later merged with Remington Rand, and then became Sperry Rand. William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC).[38] Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker Medtronic also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949.
Cities and towns
See also: List of cities in Minnesota and List of townships in Minnesota
National Farmers Bank in Owatonna by Louis Sullivan

Saint Paul, located in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota’s capital city since 1849, first as capital of the Territory of Minnesota, and then as state capital since 1858.

Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota’s most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are known collectively as the Twin Cities metropolitan area, the thirteenth largest metropolitan area in the United States and home to about 60% of the state’s population.[39][40] The remainder of the state is known as “Greater Minnesota” or “Outstate Minnesota”.

The state has eighteen cities with populations above 50,000 (based on 2005 estimates). In descending order of size they are Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Rochester, Duluth, Bloomington, Plymouth, Brooklyn Park, Eagan, Coon Rapids, Saint Cloud, Burnsville, Eden Prairie, Maple Grove, Woodbury, Blaine, Apple Valley, Lakeville, and Minnetonka.[40] Of these only Rochester, Duluth, and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.

Minnesota’s population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott Counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state’s 87 counties lost residents over the same decades.[41]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Minnesota
A map of Minnesota’s population density.
Map of Minnesota’s population change.
Population

From fewer than 6,100 people in 1850, Minnesota’s population grew to over 1.7 million by 1900. Each of the next six decades saw a 15% increase in population, reaching 3.4 million in 1960. Growth then slowed, rising 11% to 3.8 million in 1970, and an average of 9% over the next three decades to 4.9 million in the 2000 Census.[41] As of July 1, 2008, the state’s population was estimated at 5,220,393 by the U.S. Census Bureau.[42] The rate of population change along with age and gender distributions approximate the national average. Minnesota’s growing minority groups, however, still form a significantly smaller percentage of the population than in the nation as a whole.[43] The center of population of Minnesota is located in Hennepin County, in the city of Rogers.[44]
Race and ancestry

The principal ancestries of Minnesota’s residents in 2008 has been surveyed to be the following:[45]

* 37.9% German
* 32.1% Scandinavian (16.8% Norwegian, 9.5% Swedish)
* 11.7% Irish
* 6.4% English
* 5.1% Polish
* 4.2% French

Ancestries claimed by less than 3% of the population include American, Italian, Dutch, and Czech, each between 2 and 3%; Danish, Sub-Saharan and East Africans, Scottish, French Canadian, and Scotch-Irish, each between 1 and 1.9%; and less than 1% each for Russian, Welsh, Bosnian, Swiss, Arab, Hungarian, Ukrainian, Greek, Slovak, Lithuanian, Portuguese, and West Indian.[46]
The French Renaissance style Cathedral of St. Paul in the city of St. Paul

The state’s racial composition in the 2008 American Community Survey was:

* 88.1% White American
* 4.4% African American
* 4.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race
* 3.5% Asian American
* 1.8% Multiracial American
* 1.1% Other races
* 1.0% American Indian and Alaska Native
* <0.1% Pacific Islander American

Religion

Although Christianity is dominant, there is a long history of non-Christian faiths. Ashkenazi Jewish pioneers set up Saint Paul's first synagogue in 1856,[32] and there are now appreciable numbers of adherents to Islam, Buddhism, and other traditions. The majority of Minnesotans are Protestants, though Roman Catholics make up the largest single Christian denomination. A 2008 survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life showed that 32.0% of Minnesotans were affiliated with Protestant traditions, 21.0% with Evangelical Protestants, 28.0% with Roman Catholic, 1.0% each with Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, and Black Protestant traditions, smaller amounts for other faiths, and 13.0% unaffiliated.[47] This is broadly consistent with the results of the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey, which also gives detail on percentages of many individual denominations.[48]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Minnesota

Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed in the last 200 years to emphasize finished products and services. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole.[49] The economy of Minnesota had a gross domestic product of $262 billion in 2008.[50] Thirty-three of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Minnesota,[51] including Target, UnitedHealth Group, 3M, Medtronic, General Mills, U.S. Bancorp, Ameriprise, Hormel, Land O' Lakes, SuperValu, Best Buy and Valspar. Private companies based in Minnesota include Cargill, the largest privately owned company in the United States,[52] and Carlson Companies, the parent company of Radisson Hotels.[53]

The per capita personal income in 2008 was $42,772, the tenth-highest in the nation.[54] The three-year median household income from 2002 to 2004 was $55,914, ranking fifth in the U.S. and first among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.[55] White families earned more income than the national average but among the population under age 18, more than 20% of Asians and Hispanics, more than 40% of African Americans and more than 40% of Native American females in Minnesota lived in poverty.[56]
Industry and commerce
The IDS Tower, designed by Philip Johnson and the state's tallest building,[57] reflecting César Pelli's Art Deco-style Wells Fargo Center

Minnesota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture; the city of Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by St. Anthony Falls. Although less than 1% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector,[58] it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking 6th in the nation in the value of products sold.[59] The state is the U.S.'s largest producer of sugar beets, sweet corn, and green peas for processing, and farm-raised turkeys.[60] Forestry remains strong, including logging, pulpwood processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world's iron ore for over a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, taconite mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2004, the state produced 75% of the country's usable iron ore.[60] The mining boom created the port of Duluth which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and biomedical firms in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor shopping mall was Edina's Southdale Center and its largest is Bloomington's Mall of America.

Minnesota is one of 42 U.S. states with its own lottery; its games include Powerball, Hot Lotto (both multi-state), and Gopher 5.
Energy use and production

The state produces ethanol fuel and is the first to mandate its use, a 10% mix (E10),[61] and a 20% mix (E20) in 2013.[62] There are more than 310 service stations supplying E85 fuel.[63] A 2% biodiesel blend has been required in diesel fuel since 2005. As of December 2006 the state was the country's fourth-largest producer of wind power, with 895 megawatts installed and another 200 megawatts planned, much of it on the windy Buffalo Ridge in the southwest part of the state.[64]
State taxes

Minnesota has a slightly progressive income tax structure; the three brackets of state income tax rates are 5.35%, 7.05% and 7.85%.[65] Minnesota is ranked as the 6th highest in the nation for per capita total state taxes.[66] The sales tax in Minnesota is 6.875%, but there is no sales tax on clothing, prescription medications, some services, or food items for home consumption.[67] The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.[68] Excise taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota.[67] Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Minnesota
Fine and performing arts
The Minneapolis Institute of Arts' Beaux-Arts north facade, designed by McKim, Mead, and White.

Minnesota's major fine art museums include the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, the Walker Art Center, and the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum. The Minnesota Orchestra and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra are prominent full-time professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the community. Attendance at theatrical, musical, and comedy events in the area is strong. The Guthrie Theater moved into a new building in 2006, boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River. In the United States, the Twin Cities' number of theater seats per capita ranks behind only New York City;[69] with some 2.3 million theater tickets sold annually.[70] The Minnesota Fringe Festival is an annual celebration of theatre, dance, improvisation, puppetry, kids' shows, visual art, and musicals. The summer festival consists of over 800 performances over 11 days in Minneapolis, and is the largest non-juried performing arts festival in the United States.[71]
Literature

The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the prairie were the subject of Giants in the Earth by Ole Rolvaag and of the Little House series of children's books by Laura Ingalls Wilder. Small-town life was attacked by Sinclair Lewis in the novel Main Street, and more gently and affectionately satirized by Garrison Keillor in his tales of Lake Wobegon. St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as Winter Dreams and The Ice Palace (published in Flappers and Philosophers). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha was inspired by Minnesota and names many of the state's places and bodies of water.
Entertainment
First Avenue nightclub, the heart of Minnesota's music community.[12]
Main article: Music of Minnesota

Minnesotan musicians of many genres include rock star Prince, electronic Owl City, harmony singers The Andrews Sisters, rockabilly star Eddie Cochran, folk musician Bob Dylan, surf band The Trashmen, garage rock band The Castaways, pop songwriters Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, indie rock artists Jonny Lang and Soul Asylum, and cult favorites such as Hüsker Dü and The Replacements.

Minnesotans have made significant contributions to comedy, theater, and film. Ole and Lena jokes are best appreciated when delivered in the accent of Scandinavian Americans. Garrison Keillor is known around the country for resurrecting old-style radio comedy with A Prairie Home Companion, which has aired since the 1970s.[12] Local television had the satirical show The Bedtime Nooz in the 1960s, while area natives Lizz Winstead and Craig Kilborn helped create the increasingly influential Daily Show decades later. Actors from the state include Eddie Albert, Judy Garland, Jessica Lange, Winona Ryder. Joel and Ethan Coen, Terry Gilliam and Mike Todd contributed to the art of film, and others brought the offbeat cult shows Mystery Science Theater 3000 and Let's Bowl to national cable from the Twin Cities.
Popular culture

Stereotypical Minnesotan traits include manners known as "Minnesota nice," Lutheranism, a strong sense of community and shared culture, and their distinctive brand of North Central American English sprinkled with Scandinavian-sounding words such as uff da. Potlucks, usually with a variety of hotdish casseroles, are popular at community functions, especially church activities. Minnesota's Scandinavian heritage makes lutefisk a traditional holiday dish. Movies like Fargo, Juno, A Serious Man, Drop Dead Gorgeous, New in Town, Grumpy Old Men and Grumpier Old Men; the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000, The Golden Girls, and Coach; the radio show A Prairie Home Companion; and the book How to Talk Minnesotan lampoon (and celebrate) Minnesotan culture, speech and mannerisms.

The Minnesota State Fair, advertised as The Great Minnesota Get-Together, is an icon of state culture. In a state of 5.2 million people, there were almost 1.8 million visitors to the fair in 2009, breaking the previous record set in 2001.[72] The fair covers the variety of life in Minnesota, including fine art, science, agriculture, food preparation, 4H displays, music, the midway, and corporate merchandising. It is known for its displays of seed art, butter sculptures of dairy princesses, the birthing barn, and the "fattest pig" competition. One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick, such as Pronto Pups, cheese curds, and deep fried candy bars. On a smaller scale, many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs.

Other large annual festivals include the Saint Paul Winter Carnival, Minnesota Renaissance Festival, Minneapolis' Aquatennial and Mill City Music Festival, Moondance Jam in Walker, the Judy Garland Festival in Grand Rapids, and Detroit Lakes' 10,000 Lakes Festival and WE Fest.
Health
The Mayo Clinic in Rochester.

The people of Minnesota have a high rate of participation in outdoor activities; the state is ranked first in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise.[73] Minnesotans have the nation's lowest premature death rate, third-lowest infant mortality rate,[74][75] and the second-longest life expectancies.[76] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 91% of Minnesotans have health insurance, more than in any other state.[77] These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the fourth-healthiest state in the nation.[78][79]

On October 1, 2007 Minnesota became the seventeenth state to enact a statewide smoking ban in restaurants and bars with the enactment of Freedom to Breathe Act.[80]

Medical care is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics, headed by two institutions with international reputations. The University of Minnesota Medical School is a highly rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and its research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing biotechnology industry.[81] The Mayo Clinic, a world-renowned medical practice, is based in Rochester. Mayo and the University are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into cancer, Alzheimer's disease, heart health, obesity, and other areas.[82]

In March 2008, The American State Litter Scorecard, presented at the American Society for Public Administration national conference, rated Minnesota along with Vermont as topmost Best states for litter/debris removals from public properties (roadways, streams, trails), resulting in an overall healthy environmental quality status.[83]
Education
See also: List of colleges and universities in Minnesota, List of high schools in Minnesota, and List of school districts in Minnesota
The Richardsonian Romanesque Pillsbury Hall (1889) is one of the oldest buildings on the University of Minnesota Minneapolis campus.

One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a normal school at Winona. This commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well-educated population;[84] the state ranked 13th on the 2006–2007 Morgan Quitno Smartest State Award, and is first in the percentage of residents with at least a high school diploma.[85][86] But while more than 90% of high school seniors graduated in 2006, about 6% of white, 28% of African American, 30% of Asian American and more than 34% of Hispanic and Native American students dropped out of school.[56] Minnesota students earn the highest average score in the nation on the ACT exam.[87] While Minnesota has chosen not to implement school vouchers,[88] it is home to the first charter school.[89]

The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, currently 32 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and five major campuses of the University of Minnesota. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities, six of which rank among the top 100 liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News and World Report.[90]
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in Minnesota
The Aerial Lift Bridge at Duluth

Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT for short and used in the local news media). Principal transportation corridors radiate from the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area and Duluth. The major Interstate highways are I-35, I-90, and I-94, with I-35 and I-94 passing through the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, and I-90 going east-west along the southern edge of the state.[91] In 2006, a constitutional amendment was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40% dedicated to public transit.[92] There are nearly two dozen rail corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis-St. Paul or Duluth.[93] There is water transportation along the Mississippi River system and from the ports of Lake Superior.[94]
A Hiawatha Line vehicle in Minneapolis

Minnesota's principal airport is Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP), a major passenger and freight hub for Delta Air Lines and Sun Country Airlines. Most other domestic carriers serve the airport. Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester, with scheduled commuter service to six smaller cities via Northwest Airlines subsidiary Mesaba Airlines.[95][96]

Amtrak's daily Empire Builder (Chicago–Seattle/Portland) train runs through Minnesota, calling at Midway Station in St. Paul and five other stations.[97] Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound, Jefferson Lines, and Coach USA. Local public transit is provided by bus networks in the larger cities and by the Hiawatha Line electrified light rail service linking downtown Minneapolis with the Airport and Bloomington.
Law and government

As with the federal government of the United States, power in Minnesota is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.[98]
Executive
Main article: Governor of Minnesota

The executive branch is headed by the governor. The current governor is Tim Pawlenty, a Republican whose first term began on January 6, 2003 and who was narrowly re-elected in 2006. The current Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota is Carol Molnau, who was also the head of the Minnesota Department of Transportation until the Senate refused to confirm her appointment in February 2008.[99] The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four-year terms. The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state, attorney general, and state auditor.
Legislature
Main article: Minnesota Legislature
The Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, designed by Cass Gilbert.

The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has sixty-seven districts, each covering about sixty thousand people. Each district has one senator and two representatives (each district being divided into A and B sections). Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years. In the November 2008 election, the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) gained two more house seats, giving them control of the House of Representatives by 87-47.[100] The Senate is also controlled by the DFL with a veto-proof majority of 47-21.[101]
Judiciary

Minnesota's court system has three levels. Most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 272 district court judges in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the Minnesota Court of Appeals, consisting of sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice Minnesota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the Tax Court, the Worker's Compensation Court, first-degree murder convictions, and discretionary appeals from the Court of Appeals; it also has original jurisdiction over election disputes.[102]

Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established: the Workers' Compensation Court of Appeals, and the Tax Court, which deals with non-criminal tax cases.
Regional

Below the city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. Some actions in the Twin Cities metropolitan area are coordinated by the Metropolitan Council, and many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts.

There are seven Anishinaabe reservations and four Dakota communities in Minnesota. These communities are self-governing.[103]
Federal

Minnesota's United States senators are Democrat Amy Klobuchar and Democrat Al Franken. The outcome of the United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008 was contested until June 30 the next year; when the Minnesota Supreme Court ruled in favor of Franken, Republican Norm Coleman conceded defeat, and the vacant seat was filled.[104] The state has eight congressional districts; they are represented by Tim Walz (1st district; DFL), John Kline (2nd; R), Erik Paulsen (3rd; R), Betty McCollum (4th; DFL), Keith Ellison (5th; DFL), Michele Bachmann (6th; R), Collin Peterson (7th; DFL), and James Oberstar (8th; DFL).

Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota, which holds court in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and Fergus Falls. Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals based in St. Louis, Missouri and St. Paul.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Minnesota
Election results from statewide races[105] Year Office GOP DFL Others
2008 President 43.8% 54.1% 2.1%
Senator 42.0% 42.0% 16.0%
2006 Governor 46.7% 45.7% 7.6%
Senator 37.9% 58.1% 4.0%
2004 President 47.6% 51.1% 1.3%
2002 Governor 44.4% 33.5% 22.1%
Senator 49.5% 47.3% 1.0%
2000 President 45.5% 47.9% 6.6%
Senator 43.3% 48.8% 7.9%
1998 Governor 34.3% 28.1% 37.6%
1996 President 35.0% 51.1% 13.9%
Senator 41.3% 50.3% 8.4%
1994 Governor 63.3% 34.1% 2.6%
Senator 49.1% 44.1% 6.8%
1992 President 31.9% 43.5% 24.6%

Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, and populism has been a longstanding force among the state's political parties.[106][107] Minnesota has a consistently high voter turnout, due in part to its liberal voter registration laws, with virtually no evidence of voter fraud.[108] In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, 77.9% of eligible Minnesotans voted—the highest percentage of any U.S. state—versus the national average of 61.2%.[109] Previously unregistered voters can register on election day at their polls with evidence of residency.

Hubert Humphrey brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention. Eugene McCarthy's anti-war stance and popularity in the 1968 New Hampshire Primary likely convinced Lyndon B. Johnson to drop out of the presidential election. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for Ronald Reagan in either of his presidential runs. Minnesota has gone to the Democratic Party in the Presidential in every Presidential Election since 1960, with the exception of 1972, when it was carried by Richard Nixon and the Republican Party.

Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major party status in Minnesota, but its state-level "Democratic" party is actually a separate party, officially known as the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). Formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties, the DFL now serves as a de-facto proxy to the federal Democratic Party, and its distinction from the Democratic Party, while still official, is now a functional technicality.

The state has had active third party movements. The Reform Party, now the Independence Party, was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major party status. The Green Party, while no longer having major party status, has a large presence in municipal government,[110] notably in Minneapolis and Duluth, where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Official "Major party" status in Minnesota (which grants state funding for elections) is reserved to parties whose candidates receive 5% or more of the vote in any statewide election (e.g., Governor, Secretary of State, U.S. President).

The state's U.S. Senate seats have generally been split since the early 1990s, and in the 108th and 109th Congresses, Minnesota's congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party. In the 2006 midterm election, Democrats were elected to all state offices except for governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans Tim Pawlenty and Carol Molnau narrowly won re-election. The DFL also posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the party's U.S. House caucus by one. Keith Ellison (DFL) was elected as the first African American U.S. Representative from Minnesota as well as the first Muslim elected to Congress nationwide.[111] In 2008 DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host Al Franken beat incumbent Republican Norm Coleman in the United States Senate race by only a few hundred votes out of 3 million cast.

See also: List of political parties in Minnesota, United States Congressional Delegations from Minnesota, Minnesota Congressional Districts, and Political party strength in Minnesota

Media
KSTP studios

The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state's other top markets are Fargo-Moorhead (118th nationally), Duluth-Superior (137th), Rochester-Mason City-Austin (152nd), and Mankato (200th).[112]

Broadcast television in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when KSTP-TV began broadcasting.[113] Hubbard Broadcasting Corporation, which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota. There are currently 39 analog broadcast stations and 23 digital channels broadcast over Minnesota.

The four largest daily newspapers are the Star Tribune in Minneapolis, the Pioneer Press in Saint Paul, the Duluth News Tribune in Duluth and The Minnesota Daily, the largest student-run newspaper in the U.S.[114] Sites offering daily news on the Web include MinnPost, the Twin Cities Daily Planet, business news site Finance and Commerce (web site) and Washington D.C.-based Minnesota Independent. Weeklies including City Pages and monthly publications such as Minnesota Monthly are available.

Two of the largest public radio networks, Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and Public Radio International (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation, broadcasting on 37 radio stations.[115] PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates.[116] The state's oldest radio station, KUOM-AM, was launched in 1922 and is among the 10 oldest radio stations in the United States. The University of Minnesota-owned station is still on the air, and since 1993 broadcasts a college rock format.
Sports and recreation
Organized sports
A faceoff between the University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux and the Saint Cloud State University Huskies during the WCHA Final Five at the Xcel Energy Center.
Main article: Sports in Minnesota

Minnesota has professional men's teams in all major sports. Mall of America Field at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome is home to the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League. The building formerly hosted The Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball, winners of the 1987 and 1991 World Series. The Twins are moving to the newly constructed Target Field for the 2010 season. The Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association play in the Target Center. The National Hockey League's Minnesota Wild team reached 300 consecutive sold-out games in St. Paul's Xcel Energy Center on January 16, 2008.[117] The Minnesota Thunder plays professional soccer in the USL First Division, the second tier of the American Soccer Pyramid; it plays at the National Sports Center in Blaine.

The city of Eveleth, Minnesota is home to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.

Minor league baseball is represented both by major league-sponsored teams and independent teams such as the popular St. Paul Saints.

Professional women's sports include the Minnesota Lynx of the Women's National Basketball Association, the Minnesota Lightning of the United Soccer Leagues W-League, the Minnesota Vixen of the Independent Women's Football League, and the Minnesota Whitecaps of the National Women's Hockey League.

The Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school, with sports teams competing in either the Big Ten Conference or the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey: the University of Minnesota Duluth, Minnesota State University, Mankato, St. Cloud State University, and Bemidji State University. There are nine NCAA Division II colleges represented by the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference in Minnesota, and nineteen NCAA Division III colleges represented by the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and Upper Midwest Athletic Conference.[118][119]

Winter Olympic Games medallists from the state include eleven of the twenty members of the gold medal 1980 ice hockey team (coached by Minnesota native Herb Brooks) and the bronze medallist U.S. men's curling team in the 2006 Winter Olympics. Swimmer Tom Malchow won an Olympic gold medal in the 2000 Summer games and a silver medal in 1996.

Grandma's Marathon is run every summer along the scenic North Shore of Lake Superior, and the Twin Cities Marathon winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the fall color season.
Outdoor recreation
Fishing in Lake Calhoun in Minneapolis.

Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity,[120] and many of these activities are outdoors. The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits.[121]

In the warmer months, these activities often involve water. Weekend and longer trips to family cabins on Minnesota's numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents. Activities include water sports such as water skiing, which originated in the state,[122] boating, canoeing, and fishing. More than 36% of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska.[123]

Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze; ice fishing has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants.[124] Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long, harsh winters in ice sports such as skating, hockey, curling, and broomball, and snow sports such as cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling.[125]

State and national forests and the seventy-two state parks are used year-round for hunting, camping, and hiking. There are almost 20,000 miles (32,000 km) of snowmobile trails statewide.[126] Minnesota has more miles of bike trails than any other state,[127] and a growing network of hiking trails, including the 235-mile (378 km) Superior Hiking Trail in the northeast.[128] Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter.
State symbols
Main article: Lists of U.S. state insignia
The Common Loon's distinctive cry is heard during the summer months on lakes throughout the state.[129]

Minnesota's state symbols:[130]

* State bird: Common Loon
* State butterfly: Monarch
* State drink: Milk
* State fish: Walleye
* State flower: Pink and white lady slipper
* State fruit: Honeycrisp apple
* State gemstone: Lake Superior agate
* State grain: Wild rice
* State motto: L'Étoile du Nord ("The Star of the North")
* State muffin: Blueberry[disambiguation needed]
* State mushroom: Morel
* State photograph: Grace
* State song: "Hail! Minnesota"
* State sport: Ice hockey
* State tree: Red Pine also known as Norway Pine
* Nicknames:
o "Land of 10,000 Lakes"
o "North Star State"
o "Gopher State"
o "Land of Sky-Blue Waters"
o "Bread and Butter State" (A reference to the grain and dairy products Minnesota produces)

See also
The Flag of the State of Minnesota Minnesota portal
Main article: Outline of Minnesota
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71. ^ "How to fringe". Fresh Art Delivered Daily. Minnesota Fringe Festival. 2006. http://www.fringefestival.org/new.cfm. Retrieved 2006-11-22.
72. ^ "Minnesota State Fair". Minnesota State Fair. http://www.mnstatefair.org/. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
73. ^ "Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State". Statemaster. 2002. http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
74. ^ "America's Health Rankings 2006". United Health Foundation. 2006. http://www.unitedhealthfoundation.org/ahr2006/survey2006.asp. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
75. ^ "Statemaster Health Statistics > Death Rate per 100,000″. Statemaster. http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
76. ^ “Explore Minnesota Living” (PDF). Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development. http://www.deed.state.mn.us/publications/MNLiving.pdf. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
77. ^ “The Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State Using 2- and 3-year Averages: 2003 to 2005″ (PDF). Health Insurance Coverage: 2005. U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division. 2006-08-29. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05/hi05t10.pdf. Retrieved 2006-11-24.
78. ^ “Minnesota”. America’s Health Rankings. United Health Foundation. 2008. http://www.americashealthrankings.org/2008/pdfs/mn.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
79. ^ “Health Statistics Health Index by state”. Statemaster. http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_hea_ind-health-index. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
80. ^ “Put ‘Em Out: Minnesota Smoking Ban Kicks In Monday”. WCCO. September 29, 2007. http://wcco.com/health/local_story_272145441.html. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
81. ^ “University of Minnesota Medical Milestones”. University of Minnesota Medical School. 2002. http://www.med.umn.edu/faculty/handbook/info/home.html. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
82. ^ “Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics”. University of Minnesota Medical School. 2002. http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
83. ^ S. Spacek, The American State Litter Scorecard, 2008.
84. ^ Minnesota’s High Quality of Life, ExploreMinnesota.com (state tourism agency). Retrieved on 2009-07-04.
85. ^ “Smartest State Award”. Morgan Quitno Press. http://www.morganquitno.com/edrank.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
86. ^ “High school diploma or higher, by percentage by state”. Statemaster.com. 2004. http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_hig_sch_dip_or_hig_by_per-high-school-diploma-higher-percentage. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
87. ^ “Minnesota’s Class of 2007 leads the nation in ACT scores”. Multimedia Holdings Corporation. 2007. http://www.kare11.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=262186. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
88. ^ Hallman, Charles (2007-03-14). “School vouchers: Who stands to gain at what cost?”. Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder. http://spokesman-recorder.com/news/Article/Article.asp?NewsID=76873&sID=4.
89. ^ “Charter Schools”. Minnesota Department of Education. 2007. http://education.state.mn.us/MDE/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Charter_Schools/index.html. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
90. ^ “Best Colleges 2009: Liberal Arts Rankings”. USNews.com. 2009. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/liberal-arts-search/. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
91. ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation. 2007–2008 Official Highway Map [map]. Retrieved on 2008-04-07.
92. ^ “Transportation amendment update”. Minnesota Department of Transportation. 2006. http://www.dot.state.mn.us/information/mvst/index.html. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
93. ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation. Minnesota Rail System [map]. (2007) Retrieved on 2007-04-07.
94. ^ “Minnesota Ports and Waterways”. Minnesota Department of Transportation. http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/waterways.html. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
95. ^ “Airports with Scheduled Air Service”. Commercial Service Airports. Minnesota Department of Transportation. 2008. http://www.dot.state.mn.us/aero/avoffice/commaviation.html. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
96. ^ “Route Map”. Mesaba Airlines. http://www.mesaba.com/documents/Routemap.jpg. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
97. ^ “Amtrak – Routes – Northwest”. Amtrak. http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Route/Horizontal_Route_Page&c=am2Route&cid=1081256321887&ssid=135. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
98. ^ “Minnesota Government”. State of Minnesota. http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8494&agency=NorthStar. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
99. ^ “Gov. Looks For New MnDOT Head after Molnau Out”. Kare11 News. http://wcco.com/local/carol.molnau.job.2.664858.html. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
100. ^ Members of the Minnesota House of Representatives 2009-2010 Minnesota House of Representatives. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
101. ^ Minnesota Senate Members, Minnesota Senate. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
102. ^ “Minnesota Supreme Court” (doc). Court Information Office, State of Minnesota. http://www.courts.state.mn.us/documents/CIO/otherResources/SupremeCourt.doc. Retrieved 2006-10-19.
103. ^ “Tribal Government”. Minnesota North Star. http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?subchannel=-536888182&id=-8494&agency=NorthStar. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
104. ^ Davey, Monica; Hulse, Carl (2009-06-30), “After 8 Months, Franken Wins Senate Seat in Minnesota”, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/01/us/politics/01minnesota.html?hp, retrieved 2009-06-30
105. ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/
106. ^ Leigh Pomeroy (2007). “Populism Is Alive and Well in Southern Minnesota”. Minnesota Monitor. http://www.minnesotamonitor.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=1728. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
107. ^ Grayson, Katharine (2006-09-18). “Study: Minnesota tops nation in voter turnout”. Minneapolis St. Paul Business Journal. http://twincities.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2006/09/18/daily3.html?surround=lfn. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
108. ^ Huefner, Steven F., Daniel P Tokaji, and Edward B. Foley (2007), ‘’From Registration to Recounts: The Election Ecosystems of Five Midwestern States’’, The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law, p. 137. ISBN 978-0-9801400-0-2.
109. ^ Michael P. McDonald. “2008 Unofficial Voter Turnout”. United States Elections Project, George Mason University. http://elections.gmu.edu/preliminary_vote_2008.html. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
110. ^ “Office Holders”. Green Party of Minnesota. http://www.mngreens.org/officeholders.php. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
111. ^ “Minnesota Democrat becomes first Muslim to win seat in Congress”. Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. 2006-11-07. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/08/america/NA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
112. ^ “210 Designated Market Areas – 03-04″. Nielsen Media. Archived from the original on 2006-05-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20060517010320/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
113. ^ “5 EYEWITNESS NEWS History”. kstp.com. http://www.kstp.com/article/stories/S278.shtml?cat=14. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
114. ^ “Daily Board of Directors”. The Minnesota Daily. http://www.mndaily.com/board.php. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
115. ^ “About MPR”. Minnesota Public Radio. http://minnesota.publicradio.org/about/mpr/. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
116. ^ “PRI factsheet”. Public Radio International. http://www.pri.org/InPRI_FactSheet.html. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
117. ^ “Recap, Flames 3, Wild 2, SO”. Minnesota Wild. 2008-01-17. http://wild.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=688&season=20072008&gameType=2. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
118. ^ “NCAA Members By Division”. NCAA. http://web1.ncaa.org/onlineDir/exec/divisionListing?sortOrder=4&division=All. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
119. ^ “Upper Midwest Athletic Conference – History”. Upper Midwest Athletic Conference. http://www.umacathletics.com/Sports/gen/2008/History.asp?nl=25&tab=abouttheumac. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
120. ^ “Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State”. Statemaster. 2002. http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
121. ^ “Green Hunters: Minnesota DNR”. Fish & Wildlife Today. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fwt/back_issues/september97/message.html. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
122. ^ “Water Skiing History”. ABC of Skiing. MaxLifestyle.net “Go Skiing like Max!”. 2006. http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/water-skiing/history.asp. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
123. ^ “Managing for Results” (PDF). Minnesota DNR. http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/budget/budgetpres0303.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
124. ^ Benjamin, Robert W. (2006-07-15). “Ice Fishing can be a very exciting experience”. Buzzle.com. http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-15-2006-102438.asp. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
125. ^ “Turning Snow into Sport”. Explore Minnesota Experiences. Minnesota Department of Tourism. http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/snow/index.aspx. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
126. ^ “Snowmobiling Minnesota”. Minnesota Department of Tourism. http://www.exploreminnesota.com/story.aspx?EntityId=19499. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
127. ^ “Take to the Trails! Explore Minnesota Biking”. Minnesota Department of Tourism. http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/biking/index.aspx. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
128. ^ “Superior Hiking Trail”. Minnesota Department of Tourism. http://www.exploreminnesota.com/listing.aspx?EntityID=7727. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
129. ^ “All About Birds”. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003. http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Common_Loon_dtl.html. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
130. ^ “Minnesota State Symbols”. Minnesota State Legislature. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/Symbols.asp. Retrieved 2008-04-28.

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General

* Minnesota at the Open Directory Project

Government

* State of Minnesota Official site
* Minnesota State Legislature
* Minnesota Judicial Branch
* Hyperlinked state constitution
* Full text of state constitution
* Energy Data & Statistics for Minnesota- From the U.S. Department of Energy

Tourism & recreation

* Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
* Minnesota DNR Outdoor Activities
* Minnesota travel guide from Wikitravel

Culture & history

* Minnesota Aviation Hall of Fame
* Minnesota Historical Society
* Minnesota history timeline
* Minnesota Historical Society’s online timeline
* A History of Minneapolis: Early History: Resources
* Minnesota Place Names
* Forests, Fields, and the Falls: Connecting Minnesota

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* Minnesota State Demographic Center
* Minnesota Health and Demographic Data
* USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Minnesota
* Minnesota Demographics Facts
* Minnesota State Highway Map
* Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection
* John R. Borchert Map Library
* Minnesota Geological Survey

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Preceded by
California List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on May 11, 1858 (32nd) Succeeded by
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Coordinates: 46°N 94°W / 46°N 94°W / 46; -94
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